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(1) Psychology - Memory ✅ > 1. Coding, Capacity And Duration AO1 > Flashcards

1. Coding, Capacity And Duration AO1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who studied coding

A

Baddeley

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2
Q

What did Baddeley study?

A

Coding in STM and LTM

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3
Q

What did Baddeley study?

A

4 groups with different words to learn

  • Acoustically similar words (cat, bat, hat)
  • Acoustically dissimilar words (hug, pit, cow)
  • Semantically similar words (large, big, huge)
  • Semantically dissimilar words (hot, safe, love)
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4
Q

What did Baddeley test?

A

Immediate recall (STM) and recall after 20 mins (LTM)

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5
Q

What did Baddeley find about immediate recall?

A

Immediate recall was worse with acoustically similar words

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6
Q

How is the STM coded?

A

Acoustically

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7
Q

What did Baddeley find about recall after 20 mins?

A

Recall was worse with semantically similar words

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8
Q

How is the LTM coded?

A

Semantically

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9
Q

Explain how acoustic coding works

A

People remember the sound of the word not the meaning

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11
Q

Explain how semantic coding works

A

People remember the connotation of the word not the sound

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12
Q

What did Jacobs study?

A

Capacity of STM

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14
Q

Who studied capacity of STM

A

Jacobs

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15
Q

How did Jacobs test the capacity of STM

A

By finding a persons digit span

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16
Q

Explain how digit span was tested

A

Researcher reads four digits, increases until participant can’t recall correct order.

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17
Q

What did Miller write

A

The magic number - 7+/-2

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18
Q

What did Jacobs find?

A

-9.3 numbers
-7.3 letters
In correct order - immediately after being told

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19
Q

Name a second study of the STM’s capacity

A

Miller

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21
Q

What did Miller study?

A

Capacity of STM

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22
Q

What did Miller observe?

A

Made observations of everyday practice - notes things come in 7’s - e.g. 7 days of the week

23
Q

What did Miller find about the capacity of STM

A

The span is about 7 items 7+/-2

24
Q

What can improve a persons span of STM

A

Chunking

25
Q

What is chunking

A

Grouping sets of digits/letters into meaningful units

26
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson study?

A

Duration of STM

27
Q

Who studied the duration of STM

A

Peterson and Peterson

28
Q

What participants did Peterson and Peterson use?

A

24 students

29
Q

What was Peterson and Peterson’s procedure?

A

Students were given consonant syllable to remember & 3 digit number - asked them to count backwards in threes

30
Q

Why were participants asked to count backwards in threes?

A

To displace the three digit number and consonant syllable

31
Q

What is the duration of STM

A

Very short - less than 18 secs - as long as verbal rehearsal is prevented

32
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson find after 3 seconds?

A

Students recalled about 80% of syllables correctly with 3 second interval

33
Q

Outline Millers procedure

A

Experiment consisted of showing participants quick flashes of dots/digits

34
Q

Outline millers conclusions from his research

A

On average people could recall between 5-9 dots or digits

35
Q

What extra piece of information did Miller find recall?

A

People recalled 5 words better than 5 letters

36
Q

What did Jacobs say about STM?

A

STM isn’t the same for everyone - digit span increases steadily with age

37
Q

What is suggested about the duration of LTM

A

Can last a lifetime - figures aren’t same after 48 years - people are exposed to new information- displaces old memories

38
Q

What did Bahrick study?

A

Duration of LTM

39
Q

Who studied the duration of LTM?

A

Bahrick

40
Q

Outline Bahrick’s participants

A

392 Americans aged between 17-74

41
Q

What did Bahrick test

A
  • Recognition test

- Free recall test

42
Q

Outline Bahrick’s recognition test

A

50 photos from participants’ high school yearbook - had to match faces to pictures

43
Q

Outline Bahrick’s free recall test

A

Participants listed names of their graduating class

44
Q

What did Bahrick find?

A
  • After 48 years photo recognition was about 70% accurate in photo recognition
  • free recall was less accurate
45
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson find after 18 seconds?

A

Average recall fell to about 3% - longer wait before recall leads to worse recall

46
Q

What do Peterson and Peterson’s findings suggest?

A

Duration of STM without rehearsal is about 18-30 secs long

47
Q

What’s the difference between duration in LTM and STM

A

LTM duration is much longer

48
Q

What was millers aim

A

To review several studies on memory which tested amount of info we receive process and remember in out immediate memory

(1) Psychology - Memory ✅ (18 decks)

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