1. Coding, Capacity And Duration AO1 Flashcards
Who studied coding
Baddeley
What did Baddeley study?
Coding in STM and LTM
What did Baddeley study?
4 groups with different words to learn
- Acoustically similar words (cat, bat, hat)
- Acoustically dissimilar words (hug, pit, cow)
- Semantically similar words (large, big, huge)
- Semantically dissimilar words (hot, safe, love)
What did Baddeley test?
Immediate recall (STM) and recall after 20 mins (LTM)
What did Baddeley find about immediate recall?
Immediate recall was worse with acoustically similar words
How is the STM coded?
Acoustically
What did Baddeley find about recall after 20 mins?
Recall was worse with semantically similar words
How is the LTM coded?
Semantically
Explain how acoustic coding works
People remember the sound of the word not the meaning
Explain how semantic coding works
People remember the connotation of the word not the sound
What did Jacobs study?
Capacity of STM
Who studied capacity of STM
Jacobs
How did Jacobs test the capacity of STM
By finding a persons digit span
Explain how digit span was tested
Researcher reads four digits, increases until participant can’t recall correct order.
What did Miller write
The magic number - 7+/-2
What did Jacobs find?
-9.3 numbers
-7.3 letters
In correct order - immediately after being told
Name a second study of the STM’s capacity
Miller
What did Miller study?
Capacity of STM
What did Miller observe?
Made observations of everyday practice - notes things come in 7’s - e.g. 7 days of the week
What did Miller find about the capacity of STM
The span is about 7 items 7+/-2
What can improve a persons span of STM
Chunking
What is chunking
Grouping sets of digits/letters into meaningful units
What did Peterson and Peterson study?
Duration of STM
Who studied the duration of STM
Peterson and Peterson
What participants did Peterson and Peterson use?
24 students
What was Peterson and Peterson’s procedure?
Students were given consonant syllable to remember & 3 digit number - asked them to count backwards in threes
Why were participants asked to count backwards in threes?
To displace the three digit number and consonant syllable
What is the duration of STM
Very short - less than 18 secs - as long as verbal rehearsal is prevented
What did Peterson and Peterson find after 3 seconds?
Students recalled about 80% of syllables correctly with 3 second interval
Outline Millers procedure
Experiment consisted of showing participants quick flashes of dots/digits
Outline millers conclusions from his research
On average people could recall between 5-9 dots or digits
What extra piece of information did Miller find recall?
People recalled 5 words better than 5 letters
What did Jacobs say about STM?
STM isn’t the same for everyone - digit span increases steadily with age
What is suggested about the duration of LTM
Can last a lifetime - figures aren’t same after 48 years - people are exposed to new information- displaces old memories
What did Bahrick study?
Duration of LTM
Who studied the duration of LTM?
Bahrick
Outline Bahrick’s participants
392 Americans aged between 17-74
What did Bahrick test
- Recognition test
- Free recall test
Outline Bahrick’s recognition test
50 photos from participants’ high school yearbook - had to match faces to pictures
Outline Bahrick’s free recall test
Participants listed names of their graduating class
What did Bahrick find?
- After 48 years photo recognition was about 70% accurate in photo recognition
- free recall was less accurate
What did Peterson and Peterson find after 18 seconds?
Average recall fell to about 3% - longer wait before recall leads to worse recall
What do Peterson and Peterson’s findings suggest?
Duration of STM without rehearsal is about 18-30 secs long
What’s the difference between duration in LTM and STM
LTM duration is much longer
What was millers aim
To review several studies on memory which tested amount of info we receive process and remember in out immediate memory
