10.25 Meninges and Ventricles

Question 1

a _________ hematoma is more likely in elderly patients. why?

Answer 1

subdural
Displacement of the brain can tear bridging vessels (since the brain is floating and the sinuses remain in the same place). with atrophy, more space for movement

Question 2

hydrocephalus ex vacuo is common with loss of brian parenchyma, such as ____________

Answer 2

Alzheimer’s

Question 3

Anything that blocks the flow causes ____________

Answer 3

hydrocephalus

Question 4

the ________ cerebra is located between the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres. this is the ______ mater

Answer 4

tentorium

dura

Question 5

flame-shaped hemorrhages in the gray matter of pons

Answer 5

duret hemorrhage

Question 6

what can happen with an uncal herniation?

Answer 6

1. compress midbrain and cranial nerve 3 (ipsilateral dilated pupil)
2. compress posterior cerebral artery, leading to infarction
3. downward placement of pons and medulla, tearing arteries and veins - duret hemorrhage

Question 7

CSF escapes into subarachnoid space over surface of the brain through the ______ and _____ ________.

Answer 7

medial and lateral apertures

Question 8

the large arteries and veins that supply the brain are located in the _________ _______

Answer 8

sub-arachnoid space

Question 9

a subdural hematoma is between the __________ and the _________

Answer 9

in between dura and arachnoid

Question 10

herniation of the cerebellar tonsils occurs into the _________ __________

Answer 10

foramen magnum

Question 11

tearing of bridging veins causes a ___________

Answer 11

subdural hematoma

Question 12

arachnoid villi are also called arachnoid ____________

Answer 12

granulations

Question 13

CSF flows in the subarachnoid space until it reaches the __________ __________, where it flows unidirectionally into the _________

Answer 13

arachnoid villi

venous sinuses

Question 14

where is CSF produced? (which ventricles)

Answer 14

in the choroid plexus in the lateral and 4th ventricles

Question 15

obstruction someplace within ventricles (up to and including the apertures of the 4th ventricle)

Answer 15

non-communicating hydrocephalus

Question 16

tearing of the meningeal arteries causes a _____________________

Answer 16

epidural hematoma

Question 17

the uncal herniation mainly occurs below the free edge of the __________

Answer 17

tentorium

Question 18

when could herniation of the cerebellar tonsils be fatal?

Answer 18

when respiratory centers in the medulla are compressed

Question 19

the _______ mater is continuous with the periosteum of skull

Answer 19

dura

Question 20

where is the blood-CSF barrier at the level of the choroid epithelium?

Answer 20

tight junctions in the choroid plexus epithelium

capillaries are fenestrated

Question 21

an epidural hematoma is between the ________ and the ________

Answer 21

skull

dura

Question 22

dilation of ventricles secondary to loss of brain parenchyma. (common in Alzheimer’s – atrophy)

Answer 22

hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Question 23

the _______ cerebri is located between the cerebral hemispheres. this is _______ mater

Answer 23

falx

dura

Question 24

________ ________ are places in the CNS where the dura doubles in on itself to form a partition

name the two

Answer 24

dural reflections

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebri

Question 25

what is the choroid plexus composed of?

Answer 25

thin walled, leaky capillaries
a thin CT layer
and a single layer of simple cuboidal cells (choroid plexus cells – modified ependymal cells)

Question 26

the cingulate gyrus mainly herniates beneath the _________

Answer 26

falx

Question 27

the ________ mater is the second layer, it has thin strands of CT that attach to the pia

Answer 27

arachnoid

Question 28

CSF is made in lateral ventricles, goes through _____________ _________ into the third ventricle, then into __________ _________ to the fourth ventricle.

Answer 28

interventricular foramen

cerebral aqueduct

Question 29

what are the three major areas of herniation in the brain?

Answer 29

1. cingluate gyrus herniation
2. uncal herniation
3. cerebellar tonsil herniation

Question 30

the accumulation of excessive CSF within the ventricular system

Answer 30

hydrocephalus

Question 31

in the dural _______, dural sinuses form

Answer 31

reflextoins

Question 32

obstruction after the CSF exits the ventricles (such as maybe a block of the arachnoid villi)

Answer 32

communicating hydrocephalus