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Neuro Exam 1 > 10.18 Synapses and Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

10.18 Synapses and Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

chemical synapses are __________ while electrical synapses are __________ (directionality)

A

unidirectional

bidirectional

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2
Q

what is the starting material to make acetylcholine?

A

choline (diet) + Acetyl CoA

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3
Q

what is the enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine from choline and acetyl CoA

A

choline acetyltransferase

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4
Q

what is the essential amino acid that dopamine comes from?

A

tyrosine

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5
Q

what is the essential amino acid that norepinephrine comes from?

A

tyrosine

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6
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme of the synthesis of norpei?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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7
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme of the synthesis of dopamine?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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8
Q

norepinephrine is made from what other NT? what enzyme is needed to do this?

A

dopamine

dopamine beta-hydroxylase

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9
Q

outline the pathway to make dopamine

A

tyrosine –> tyrosine hydroxylase –> DOPA –> DOPA decarboxylase –> dopamine

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10
Q

what does dopamine beta-hydroxylase do?

A

converts dopamine to norepinephrine

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11
Q

what common amino acid is serotonin synthesized from?

what rate limiting enzyme does this?

A

tryptophan

tryptophan hydroxylase

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12
Q

outline the path in the making of serotonin

A

tryptophan –> tryptophan hydroxylase –> intermediate –> a decarboxylase –> serotonin

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13
Q

what is GABA synthesized from?

with what rate limiting enzyme?

A

glutamate

glutamic acid decarboxylase

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14
Q

what is the rate limiting step for the synthesis of GABA from __________.

A

glutamate

glutamic acid decarboxylase

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15
Q

the influx of what ion in the pre-synaptic cleft allows for release of NT?

A

calcium

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16
Q

what are the two types of receptors that could be found on the post-synaptic cell membrane?

A

NT-gated channels - ions

2nd messenger gated channels

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17
Q

what ions would cause an EPSP?

A

Na+ and Ca++

influx

18
Q

are EPSPs and IPSPs electrotonic or an action potential?

A

electrotonic

19
Q

what ions (and which direction of flow) would cause an IPSP?

A

the efflux of K+

the influx of Cl-

20
Q

process by which successive synaptic potentials at the same site are added together

A

temporal summation

21
Q

integration of input of many inputs from different sites at the same time

A

spatial summation

22
Q

what are the three ways NT may be removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

diffusion
reuptake
enzymatic catabolism

23
Q

how is acetylcholine generally terminated in the synaptic cleft?

A

enzymatic degradation by

acetylcholinesterase

24
Q

what is the mechanism by which local anesthetics decrease pain?

A

blocking VG Na+ channels

25
Q

what are some side effects of local anesthetics?

A

high doses can result in death
blockade of respiration
cardiovascular problems
depress smooth muscle contraction

high doses that cross bbb can also cause seizures

26
Q

what are the two mechanisms in which NMJ blockers can work?

A
  1. competitive inhibition od Ach at the nicotinic channels (nicotinic receptor antagonists)
  2. depolarization blockade (succinylcholine)
27
Q

succinylcholine is an _______ at the nicotinic receptor, causing what?

A

agonist

muscle contraction

28
Q

where are there electrical synapses?

A

some dendrites
Schwann and glial cells
cardiac muscle

29
Q

what connection do electrical synapses have with the demyelination in Charcot-Marie-Tooth?

A

improper connexion 32 protein - membranes in Schwann cells can’t communicate - Schwann cells die
demyelination

30
Q

what are the biogenic amine NTs?

A

dopamine, norepi, serotonin

31
Q

what are the amino acid NTs?

A

glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycine

32
Q

what allows for an acidic internal environment of vesicles? what is it used for?

A

vacuolar proton pump

uses the proton gradient to pump NT back into vesicle

33
Q

what does monoamine oxidase (MAO) do?

A

breaks down dopamine and NE, and serotonin

34
Q

all local anesthetics end in ________

A

caine

35
Q

lidocaine

class
type
mechanism
A

local anesthetic
amide
blocks VG Na+ channel
medium acting

36
Q

prilocaine

class
type
mechanism
A

local anesthetic
amide
blocks VG Na+ channel
medium acting

37
Q

mepivacaine

class
type
mechanism
A

local anesthetic
amide
blocks VG Na+ channel
medium acting

38
Q

ropivacaine

class
type
mechanism
A

local anesthetic
amide
blocks VG Na+ channels
long acting

39
Q

bupivicaine

class
type mechanism
A

local anesthetic
amide
blocks VG Na+
long acting

40
Q

etidocaine

class
type
mech
A

local anesthetic
amide
blocks VG Na+ channels
long acting

Neuro Exam 1 (23 decks)

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