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Neuro Exam 1 > 10.24 Pain > Flashcards

10.24 Pain Flashcards

1
Q

pain receptors are _____ nerve endings

A

free

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2
Q

do nociceptors adapt?

A

no

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3
Q

what is the axon reflex?

A

peripheral release of NT from the nociceptor (efferent function)

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4
Q

a non-noxious stimulus now begins to produce pain

A

allodynia

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5
Q

A noxious stimulus produces a larger response due to sensitization of nociceptors

A

hyperalgesia

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6
Q

what are the three types of pain nociceptors can sense?

A

mechanical
thermal
chemical

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7
Q

what types of pain do C fibers respond to? which one is unique?

A

mechanical
thermal
CHEMICAL

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8
Q

what types of pain do A-delta fibers respond to?

A

mechanical

thermal

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9
Q

what fibers correspond to the initial, sharp, well localized pain? what is this called?

A

“first pain”

A-delta fibers

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10
Q

what fibers correspond to the dull, diffuse, poorly localized pain that follows after? what is this called?

A

“second pain”

C fibers

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11
Q

axons of the pain and temperature enter the dorsal root entry zone more ________, while the touch and proprioception fibers are more _________

A

lateral

medial

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12
Q

the A-delta and C fibers branch into a fiber tract in the spinal cord called _________. What does this tract allow?

A

Lissauer’s tract

for the fibers to travel rostral or caudal for a few spinal cord segments

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13
Q

sensitization of sensory pain fibers means ________ thresholds

A

lower

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14
Q

____________ ___________ is when second order sensory neurons get sensitized. What does this contribute to?

A

central sensitization

hyperalgesia, allodynia

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15
Q

what are the two NTs associated with pain?

A

substance P

glutamate

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16
Q

what are the two endogenous peptides that produce pain relief?

A

endorphins

enkephalins

17
Q

opioid receptors are found on ___________ fibers (in general)

A

nociceptive

18
Q

what are the two thing opioid receptors do?

A
  1. open VG K+ channels, letting K+ leave the cell and thus hyper polarizing
  2. block VG Ca++ channels, preventing calcium entry into cell and blocking NT release
19
Q

the descending fibers of the supraspinal descending system project along a tract called the:

A

dorsolateral funiculus

20
Q

what is the descending modulatory system that originates in the periaqueductal gray (PAG)?

A

supraspinal descending system

21
Q

where do neurons project in the descending pain modulatory system after the PAG?

A 
locus ceruleus (pons)
medullary reticular formation (medulla)
22
Q

inhibition of a tonically active GABA neuron is called _____________. (this is what ______ receptors do in the descending modulating pain pathway)

A

disinhibition

opioid

23
Q

what do the descending pain modulatory neurons release? what do they indirectly release?

A

5HT and NE

enkephalins and endorphins

24
Q

mechanism of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

A

release lipocortin which inhibits PLA2, not allowing arachidonic acid to be mobilized from the lipid bilayer

25
Q

side effects of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

A

Cushing’s syndrome (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness/wasting)

Increase in susceptibility to pathogens and infection

26
Q

mechanism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS)

A

reversible and irreversible COX inhibition (stops conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, etc)

27
Q

side effects of NSAIDs:

A

GI effects, GERD, ulcers, renal damage

28
Q

what side effects occur with the use of opioids?

A

constipation, urinary retention, respiratory depression, vomiting, dizziness, confusion, potential for abuse

29
Q

A noxious stimulus produces a larger response.

A

hyperalgesia

30
Q

a non-noxious stimulus now begins to produce pain

A

allodynia

31
Q

what is the plasticity on the level of seconds to minutes

A

synaptic plasticity

32
Q

what is the plasticity on the level of hours to days

A

cellular plasticity

33
Q

what is the plasticity on the level of months to years

A

systems plasticity

34
Q

systems plasticity is:

A

reorganization of cellular connectivity

35
Q

cellular plasticity:

A

transcriptional/translational alterations (up or down regulated, making something new)
changing composition of a channel
remodeling of membranes

36
Q

synaptic plasticity:

A

increases or decreases in NT release or NT response

changes in processes of transmission and transduction

37
Q

what are three other types of drugs used for chronic pain?

A

Gabapentinoids
Norep/5HT reuptake inhibitors
Local analgesics

Neuro Exam 1 (23 decks)

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