10.20 Cellular Neuropathology Lect + Lab

Question 1

what is the mechanism for diabetic neuropathy? _________ and _________ factors

Answer 1

metabolic

vascular

Question 2

___________ causes glycosylation end products, causing thickening of _________ ___________ around small capillaries. What does this impair?

Answer 2

hyperglycemia
basement membrane
exchange of nutrients and oxygen

Question 3

what is a concern with diabetic neuropathy?

Answer 3

because of loss of sensation in distal areas, you can get wounds and not notice and then there is not a good blood supply and they can get infected

Question 4

is Guillan Barre CNS or PNS? what is it caused by/usually seen after?

Answer 4

demyelination disease of the PNS
immune mediated (T-cells post acute flu-like illness)

Question 5

the _________ in Guillan Barre are sensitized to ___________ _______ ________

Answer 5

T-cells

peripheral nerve myelin

Question 6

clinically, what do you see with Guillan Barre?

Answer 6

ascending paralysis

Question 7

chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyraiculoneuropathy (CIPD) shows under histology as multiple _____________. Why?

Answer 7

onion bulb formations

repeated demyelination and remyelination

Question 8

when does segmental demyelination occur?

Answer 8

when there is dysfunction of the Schwann cell or damage to the myelin sheath

Question 9

what can segmental demyelination look like in histology if it is recurrent or persistent?

Answer 9

onion bulb formation

Question 10

the variation in neuronal damage in different pathological states is termed

Answer 10

selective vulnerability

Question 11

what are two examples of selective vulnerability? (cases)

Answer 11

1. hypoxia

2. degenerative diseases of the NS

Question 12

in hypoxic encephalopathy, which neurons are selectively vulnerable?

Answer 12

1. purkinje cells of the cerebellum
2. Sommer’s sector of the hippocampus
3. deeper layers of the cerebral cortex

Question 13

what happens to the cell when it suffers from an irreversible ischemic injury (histologically)?

Answer 13

it gets eosinophilic (red = dead)

the chromatin fades

Question 14

what is gliosis?

Answer 14

proliferation of astrocytes and astrocytic processes in response to injury

Question 15

when an astrocyte is enlarged and has a homogeneous pink-staining cytoplasm as a response to injury, what is it called?

Answer 15

gemistocytic astrocyte

Question 16

what causes multiple sclerosis? is it in the CNS or PNS?

Answer 16

it is in the CNS

autoimmune

Question 17

in MS plaques _________ are destroyed and the ________ has degenerated

Answer 17

oligodendrocytes

myelin

Question 18

where is a characteristic location for an MS plaque?

Answer 18

around the ventricles

periventricular white matter

Question 19

what causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)? Is it in the PNS or CNS?

Answer 19

an opportunistic infection (JC virus) in immune compromised patients

in the CNS

Question 20

what does the JC virus destroy in people with PML?

Answer 20

oligodendrocytes

Question 21

histologically, there are abnormal ____________ in people with PML

Answer 21

astrocytes

Question 22

how can you tell the difference between a gemistocytic astrocyte and a macrophage?

Answer 22

well circumsized border - macrophage

Question 23

is Guillan Barre PNS or CNS?

Answer 23

PNS

Question 24

onion bulb formation is a hallmark of ____________ and ____________

Answer 24

demyelination
demyelination
(CHRONIC)

Question 25

Tay Sachs disease is a neuronal ____________. Thus, what do the neurons look like?

Answer 25

storage

massive

Question 26

dark nuclei - large that look like they used to be oligos in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy:

Answer 26

JC virus infected oligos