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anatomy 3 > 1. vertebral column - evolution and development > Flashcards

1. vertebral column - evolution and development Flashcards

1
Q

chordates

A

have a notochrod at some stage

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2
Q

vertebrates

A

column develops in response to notochord signals

  • notochrod exists before vertebral column
  • most chordates dont have a vertebral column
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3
Q

neotony

A

evolutionary process where juvenile characteristics are retained in the adult and passed on

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4
Q

3 step process of vertebral development

A
  1. mesenchymatous
  2. cartilagenous
  3. osseus
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5
Q

mesenchymatous stage

A 
undifferentiated mesoderm
sclerotome cells of somites migrate to form: 
1. perinotochordal sheath 
2. neural arch 
3. costal element
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6
Q

body wall vessels from the aorta form

A

between the somites

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7
Q

why do body wall vessels foorm between the somites

A

tissue is less dense there

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8
Q

when does mesenchymatous stage occur

A

4-6 weeks

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9
Q

vertebrae from in line with

A

the gap between 2 adjacent somites

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10
Q

perinotochordal cells near body wall vessels

A

have better nutrition

  • grow larger and will become cartilage (vertebral bodies)
  • vertebral bodies form in line with the gap between adjacent somites
  • each vertebra is formed from part of 2 adjacent somites = intersegmental
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11
Q

1 invertebral muscle is from

A

1 somite

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12
Q

why are vetebral bodies called intersegmental

A

because they form inbetween somites

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13
Q

notochord once vertebral bodies are formed

A

squeezed into areas between vertebral bodies - intervertebral disks

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14
Q

when does cartilagenous stage occur

A

6-9 weeks

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15
Q

cartilagenous stage

A

centres of chrondrification

  1. centrum
  2. neural arches
  3. costal
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16
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

fibrocartilage that forms in circles arund the notochrodal remnant

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17
Q

notochordal remnant

A

nucleus pulposus

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18
Q

what happens when cartilage centres fail to form

A

doesnt stop the other sde from forming
causes vetebral asymmetry - hemivertebrae
can cause structural scoliosis

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19
Q

when does osseous stage occur

A

8-10 weeks

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20
Q

primary centres of ossification appear

A

centrum - unparied
neural arches
costal

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21
Q

primary ossification centre in the centrum is

A

unpaired

22
Q

cartlage growth plates dont ossify until

A

6-8 years

23
Q

costal centres either

A

fuse with the rest of the vertebra or become ribs and develop joints (thorax only)

24
Q

what happens if there arent enough notochordal cells

A

block vertebra - too few notochrodal cells remaining, therefore there is not enough intervertebral disk
failure of segmentation
vertebra form together - may not happen simetrically, can cause formation of scoliosis

25
Q

what happens when there is too many notochrodal cells

A

butterfly vertebra
too many notochordal cells remain
notochord seems to inhibit bone
failure of formation - middle of the vertebral body is much thinner

26
Q

vertebral elements

A
  1. centrum element
  2. neural arch element
  3. costal element
27
Q

centrum element

A

central portion of vertebral bodies

does not make the whole vertebral body

28
Q

neural arch element

A

dorsal arch surrounds spinal cord
zygapophyseal joints, mammillary processes
contributes to lateral aspect of vertebral body

29
Q

costal element

A

forms ribs of the thorax, but in different regions it forms different features of respective vertebra
not the gap between the costal and neural elements

30
Q

hox genes control

A

body segment features

31
Q

growth of the vertebral column by 6-8 years

A

the growth plates close, but the VB endplates and processes are still in cartilage ie. can still grow taller

32
Q

endplate

A

where vertebral bodies meet intervertebral discs

33
Q

growth of the vertebral column at puberty

A

secondary centres of ossification appear

  1. spinous process
  2. transverse process
  3. ring apophysis

processes continue to grow larger
VBodies can continue to grow taller due to the ring epiphysis

34
Q

all epiphysis close at

A

adulthood

growht can only continue by surface remodelling (impacts surface area, not height)

35
Q

3 steps of the vertebral development process

A
  1. mesenchymatous
  2. cartilagenous
  3. osseus
36
Q

mesenchyme is

A

undifferentiated mesoderm

37
Q

vertebral colum is developed from

A

sclerotome cells of somites

38
Q

sclerotomal cells of ssomites migrate to form

A

perinotochordal sheath
neural arch
costal element

39
Q

sclerotomal cells of somites migrate in which stage

A

mesenchymatous stage

40
Q

which cells are nearest to body wall vessels from the aorta in mesenchymatous stage

A

perinotochordal cells

have better nutrition because of this

41
Q

why are vertebral bodies called intersegmental

A

because they are formed from part of 2 adjacent somites

42
Q

why are myotomes segmental

A

1 intervertebral muscle is from 1 somite

43
Q

resegmentation

A

an entire somite splits

to explain how one vertebral body s formed by 2 somites

44
Q

mesenchyme is gradually replaced by

A

hyaline cartilage

45
Q

z-joints

A

zygapophyseal joints

connect neural arches to each other from one vertebra to the next

46
Q

does the centrum element make the whole vertebral body

A

no-the lateral portion is made by the nueral arch element

47
Q

mammillary process

A

tiny bump next to the z joint

48
Q

mammillary processes are from

A

neural arch elements

49
Q

in the thoracic, the transverse process is from

A

neural arch elements

50
Q

in the cervical, sacral and lumbar the transverse process is from

A

costal elements

51
Q

end plate is where

A

vertebral body meets the intervertebral disks

what allow us to grow in height

52
Q

secondary ossification centres

A
  1. spinous process
  2. transverse process
  3. ring apophysis

anatomy 3 (20 decks)

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