1. The heart structures Flashcards
Where’s the heart situated?
In the thoracic cavity, ventrally
Explain the position of the heart in respect to the lung and it’s position between the lungs
The left lung is smaller than right one due to the heart being positioned here.
The space btw the lungs where the heart is situated is called Mediastinum medium
What’s Mediastinum medium?
The space between the lungs where the heart is situated.
The heart is an organ imp for which system?
Circulatory system.
The central organ of Circulatory system
What’s the exact position of the heart in each specie?
In Car, Bo, small Ru, Sus, Eq
In Car, Sus, Eq: Btw 3rd - 6th rib
In Bo: Btw 3rd - 5th rib
In small Ru: Btw 2nd - 5th rib
What’s typical for ruminants position of the heart?
That the apex cordis of the heart, touches the diaphragm.
Heart is still laying in the mediastinum medium
What’s typical for equine position of the heart?
That the lobus accessorius pulmonis of the lung lays between the diaphragm and the heart.
It does not touches the diaphragm by apex cordis.
Which 4 chambers does the heart consist of and which carries oxygenated/deoxygenated blood?
- Atrium dextrum: Deoxyg. blood
- Ventriculus dexter: Deoxyg. blood
- Atrium sinistrum: Oxygenated blood
- Ventriculus sinistrum: Oxygenated blood
From the left side of animal if you would open the abdomen, you can easiest see?
The main arteries, out from the heart
From the right side of animal if you would open the abdomen, you can easiest see?
Venous system, from vessels back to the heart.
What’s the two margins of the heart called?
Margo ventricularis dexter: Right ventricle margin
Margo ventricularis sinister: Left ventricle margin
Which ventricle is bigger?
Ventriculus sinistrum. It’s bigger and the wall thicker
Which part of the heart forms the basis cordis?
Atrium dextrum and sinistrum
Which part of the heart froms the apex cordis
Only the ventriculus sinistrum
What’s typical for facies auricularis?
The so called ears. Auricularis sinistra et dextra
What’s the left side and right side of the heart named?
Left side: Facies auricularis
Right side: Facies atrialis
Which sulcus can be found on facies auricularis?
Sulcus coronarius which continues on the left side as Sulcus interventricularis paraconalis: Btw the ventricles
Where is sulcus coronarius situated and between which structures?
It goes all the way around the heart and continues into the two sulcus on left and right side of the heart.
Situated between the basis cordis and the ventricles
Describe the structures that can be found on the facies auricularis
- Basis cordis
- Apex cordis
- Auricula sinistra/dextra
Sulcus coronarius –> Sulcus interventricularis paraconalis - Margo ventricularis dexter/sinister
Describe the margo ventricularis dexter and sinister.
What forms them and what do they form?
Margo ventricularis dexter
- Formed by right ventricle
- Forms caudal contour of the heart, close to the head
Margo ventricularis sinister
- Formed by left ventricle
- Forms caudal contour of the heart, close to the diaphragm
Mention a structure that’s typical only in Ru and where can it be found?
Sulcus intermedius
- Left ventricle of the caudal contour
Which are the 2 main grooves of the external surface of heart?
Sulcus interventricularis paraconalis: Left side
Sulcus interventricularis subsinousus: Right side
Both continuation of the Sulcus coronarius
Where can sulcus coronarius be found?
On both sides of the heart since it goes all the way around it
On which side can the wall of atrium dextrum et sinistrum be found?
On facies atrialis
Describe the structures of the Facies atrialis
Venous system
- Basis cordis
- Apex cordis
- Sulcus coronarius –> Sulcis interventricularis subsinosus
- Margo ventricularis dexter et sinister
Which is the biggest vessel of the body
The aorta
Where can the biggest veins be found and which are they?
- From the right atrium they enter the heart
- V. cava cranialis et caudalis.
Cran. the biggest
What’s typical for Bo when it comes to the vessels and sulcus coronarius?
The vessels from both sulcus joins and continues directly to the cordis apex together.
From which side can truncus pulmonalis easiest be seen?
From the left side, facies auricularis
What’s an imp structure in between Truncus pulmonalis and the Aorta?
Ligamentum arteriosum
Which structures form the caudal and cranial contour of the heart?
Formed by left ventricle (margo ventricularis sinister) and right ventricle (margo ventricularis dexter)
How does the atrium dextrum and atrium sinister differ from each other?
Atrium dextrum consist of more structures than sinistrum
Which parts can atrium dextrum be divided into?
- Sinus venarum cavarum
- Atrium dextrum proper “True atrium”
What’s sinus venarum cavarum?
- The dorsal part of atrium dextrum with smooth surface
- Place where v. cava cran/caud. enters the heart separately.
What’s a different term for atrium dextrum proper?
“True atrium”
What’s the difference between sulcus terminalis and crista terminalis?
Sulcus terminalis = Divided the two surfaces of atrium dextrum, externally.
Crista terminalis = Divide the two surfaces internally
Where can the Mm. Pectinati be found?
On atrium dextrum. More specifically it’s the structure that give the “True atrium” it’s rough surfaces
What is Mm. Pectinati?
Muscle ridges on the wall of the true atrium and auricula dextra.
Most of them radiate from the Crista terminalis
Which structures can be found within Atrium dextrum?
- Sinus venarum cavarum
- True atrium
- Sulcus terminalis
- Crista terminalis
- Mm. pectinati
- Auricula dextra
- Foramina venarum minimarum
- Sinus coronarius
- v. cava cranialis et caudalis
Where can Foramina venarum minimarium be found?
Within the Atrium dextrum
What’s sinus coronarius?
It’s the name of the fusion of v. cava cranialis et caudalis when entering the atrium dextrum
What’s the continuation of v. cava cranialis et caudalis from the sinus coronarius of the right atrium into the veins of the heart?
vv. cordis minimae and vv. cordis dextrae
Where on the right atrium does the vv. cordis minmae and vv. cordis dextrae enter?
Between the Mm. pectinati and Foramina venarum minimarium (on the true atrium, sinus venarum cavarum = atrium dextrum)
The coronary groove can be found on which side?
On the left side.
Facies auricularis
Why is it dangerous with too much fat in the coronary groove?
Since it’s the situation for the coronary arteries and branches in the Sulcus coronarius/interventricularis.
- They are very imo for the blood supply of the heart.
What’s the opening of the ventriculus dexter called and from where does it open and into?
Ostium atrioventriculare dextrum
- From right atrium into right ventricle
What’s the ostium atrioventriculare dextrum opened and closed by?
A valva.
Valva atrioventricularis dextra or valva tricuspidalis
Another name for valva atrioventricularis dextra
Valva tricuspidalis (with 3 cuspis)
How many cuspis and what are the name of the cuspis of valva tricuspidalis?
There’s 3 cuspis
- Cuspis parietalis
- Cuspis septalis
- Cuspis angularis (with chordae tendinae)
Where can the cuspis parietalis be found?
Next to the wall of the right ventricle
Where can the cuspis septalis be found?
Next to the septum interventriculare, btw the right and left ventricle
Where can the cuspis angularis be found?
It continues partly to Mm. papillaris parvus and partly to Mm. papillaris magnus.
What’s trabecule carnae?
- Small holes on the inner surface of the ventricles
- Causes the rough inner surface of ventriculus dexter
How many trabecula septomarginalis can be found within the ventriculus dexter and where?
- Only 1
- Btw the septum interventriculare and margin wall of right ventricle
Where on the ventriculus dexter can the chordae tendinae be found?
Btw the valva tricuspidalis and the Mm. papillaris
Which structure leads the blood out through the right ventricle to the lungs?
Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?
The truncus pulmonalis / arteria pulmonalis (same thing)
The blood transported out from the heart to the lungs is deoxygenated
What’s the opening of the truncus pulmonalis called?
Ostium trunci pulmonalis
What’s valva trunci pulmonalis?
It’s the valve that’s responsible for opening and closing of the Ostium trunci pulmonalis
How many valvulae does the valva trunci pulmonalis consist of?
What are the valvulae’s name?
Consist of 3 small valvulaes:
- Valvula semilunaris dextra
- Valvula semilunaris sinistra
- Valvula semilunaris intermedia
Which muscles does the ventriculus dexter consist of?
3 Mm. papillaris
Which are the Mm. papillaris of right side of heart?
- Mm. Papillaris magnus: On the wall
- Mm. Papillaris parvus: On septum interventriculare
- Mm. Papillaris subarteriosus: Under the origin of truncus pulmonalis
What’s the continuation of the Truncus pulmonalis?
Conus arteriosus
From truncus pulmonalis continues which arteries from right ventricle to the lungs?
a. pulmonalis dextra et sinistra
Which chamber of the heart is undivided?
Atrium sinistrum
What’s the position of atrium sinistrum?
More caudally situated to the atrium dextrum
What’s a typical recognition mark for atrium sinistrum?
Auricula sinistra
Which structures belong to atrium sinistrum?
- Auricula sinistra
- Mm. pectinati (rough surface)
- Vv. pulmonales enters
Where’s the Mm. pectinati of the atrium sinistrum situated?
Within the auricula sinistra
What’s the function of the vv. pulmonales?
To drain the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Describe the continuation and function of the vv. pulmonales.
How many branches does it have?
- It continues from the left atrium -> left ventricle through the Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum by the valva A-V sinistra that opens and closes it.
- Has 5-6 branches depending on specie and breed.
What blood does ventriculus sinister carry?
Oxygenated blood
What’s the opening between left atrium and left ventricle called?
Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum
What’s the names for Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrums valve?
Same thing different names.
- Valva atrioventriculare sinister
- Valva bicuspidalis
- Valva mitralis
How many cuspis and what are the name of the cuspis of valva bicuspidalis?
There’s 2 cuspis
- Cuspis septalis
- Cuspis parietalis
Where can the cuspis of ventriculus sinister be found and what’s their name?
- Cuspis septalis: Lies on the side of septum.
2. Cuspis parietalis: Lies on the opposite side of cuspis septalis
What’s the main difference of cuspis between the ventriculus dexter and ventriculus sinister?
- Ventriculus dexter has 3 cuspis; -septalis/parietalis/ angularis
- Ventriculus sinister has 2 cuspis; -septalis/parietalis.
No angularis!!!
Where can chordae tendinae be found on left side?
Situated between Mm. papillaris and valva A-V sinistrum.
It’s the same in both ventricles only difference is the 2nd name of valva A-V sinister that may differ
Which are the Mm. Papillares of left ventricle and where can they be found?
- M. papillaris subatrialis: Under atrium sinistrum
- M. papillaris subauricularis: Inside wall of Fascies auricularis
Only 2 Mm. papillares in left ventricle
3 papillares muscles in right ventricle
What’s the function of the chordae tendinae in the ventricles?
Connection between muscles and the cusps
Eg. 2 muscles / 2 cusps, 3 muscles / 3 cusps
Describe what you can of the aorta:
- It’s origin
- Opening called
- Position
- Vavulae’s
- Starts from ventriculus sinister
- Opening between ventricle and aorta = Ostium aortae , consisted by a valvae aortae opening/closing aorta.
- The valve is composed by 3 valvulae:
- Valvula semilunaris dextra
- Valvula semilunaris sinistra 3. Valvula semilunaris septalis
What’s the function of trabecula carnae of the ventricles?
Giving them it’s rough inner surface
- Small holes
Where’s septum interatriale situated?
Between the left and right atria
- Tissue wall.
Why is septum interatriale so imp for fetus?
- It’s structure with an Ostium ovalis that’s imp for the fetus blood circulation.
- This ostium ovalis of Foramen ovale is situated on the septum.
- The ostium ovalis closes after birth and becomes Fossa ovalis.
What’s Tuberculum intervenosum? Describe it’s function.
A structure that regulates the blood flow direction of the v. cava cranialis/caudalis when entering into the right atrium, since they enter in opposite direction.
It allows the blood to “get together” in a regulated flow.
Situated btw the 2 vena cava
Where’s septum interventriculare and which structures can be found in this area?
- Situated btw the 2 ventricles
- Contains cuspis, papillary muscles and trabeculae septomarginalis
Describe the transportation of the oxygenated blood through the heart
Lungs -> vena pulmonalis -> left atrium -> ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum -> ventriculus sinister -> ostium aortae -> oxygenated blood to the whole body
What’s the origination for the aorta?
Ostium aortae with valvae aortae
Which structures make up the valvae aortae?
The 3 valvula;
- valvule semilunaris sinistra
- valvule semilunaris dextra
- vavulae semilunaris septalis
Which are the branches of the aorta?
a. coronarius sinistra et dextra
Typical features of heart on left side
Facies auricularis
- Truncus/Artery pulmonalis
- Arteries
- Aorta
- Ligamentum arteriosum
Typical features of the heart on the right side
Facies atrialis
- Vena cava cranialis et caudalis / Venous system
