1: SP&PD

Question 1

What is soft power?

Answer 1

.One of the most contested notions in the theory of international relations. There are realist, liberal, constructivist and critical approaches,

Question 2

Dahl’s definition of power (1957)

Answer 2

A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do somethign that B would not otherwise do,

Question 3

In which paradigm is the threat of power paramount?

Answer 3

Realism (Waltz)

Question 4

Which approach hardly acknowledges “soft power” tools? What else do they reject?

Answer 4

neo-realism. reject non-state actors (as NGOs) as actors of PD

Question 5

What do Keohane and Nye argue?

Answer 5

complex interdependence (neoliberal institutionalism)

Question 6

define neo-liberalal institutionalism

Answer 6

Neoliberal institutionalism, as developed by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye Jr., is a theoretical perspective within the field of international relations that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. It represents a departure from earlier realist and liberal approaches by emphasizing the role of international institutions and cooperation in shaping state behavior.

Question 7

5 details about neoliberal institutionalism

Answer 7

Institutions Matter (such as UN): Neoliberal institutionalists argue that international institutions play a crucial role in shaping state interactions. These institutions can include formal organizations like the United Nations, regional alliances, and international regimes governing specific issue areas.

Neoliberal institutionalism highlights the interdependence of states in the international system. States are seen as rational actors seeking to maximize their interests, and cooperation is seen as a way for states to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes in an environment of interdependence.
Regimes and Rules: Neoliberal institutionalists focus on the importance of regimes, which are sets of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which expectations converge in a particular issue area. These regimes provide a framework for cooperation and help manage conflicts of interest.
International Organizations: The role of international organizations is emphasized in neoliberal institutionalism. These organizations serve as forums for states to interact, negotiate, and cooperate. They also help to facilitate the creation and maintenance of international regimes.

Information and Transnational Actors: Neoliberal institutionalism considers the role of information and transnational actors (non-state actors) in influencing state behavior. Information asymmetries can affect state interactions, and transnational actors, such as multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations, can influence the behavior of states.

Enforcement Mechanisms: Neoliberal institutionalists recognize the importance of enforcement mechanisms within international institutions. While states are considered self-interested, the presence of mechanisms to monitor and enforce agreements can enhance compliance and cooperation.

Question 8

According to J.s. Nye: what is the spectrum of behaviors in hard power? And what the most likely resources?

Answer 8

Spectrum: coercion inducement, command
most likely resources: force sanctions
payment bribes

Question 9

According to J.s. Nye: what is the spectrum of behaviors in soft power? And what the most likely resources?

Answer 9

Spectrum of behaviors: agenda setting
attraction
co-opt
resources: institutions, values, culture, policies

Question 10

What are the three forms of power according to Nye?

Answer 10

military power, economic power, soft power

Question 11

Hard power is split into?

Answer 11

military and economic power

Question 12

What is smart power?

Answer 12

smart combination of hard and soft power

Question 13

what does nye say in the future of power 2009?

Answer 13

a smart power narrative in the twenty first century is about finding ways to combine resources into successful strategies in the new context of power diffusion and the “rise and the rest”

Question 14

what did department of state under obama/clinton see smart power as?

Answer 14

the intelligent integration and networking of diplomacy, defense, development and other tools of so-called “hard and soft power”

Question 15

what is smart power strategy?

Answer 15

setting manageable objectives, combining values and interests

accurate inventory of availbale resources

choosing among power behaviors, choosing command power of co-optive power and adjusting tactics

assessment of the probability of success in achieving objectives

Question 16

What is important reg public opinion, according to Carr?

Answer 16

Public Opinion (power over opinion 1964), one of the dimensions ofinternational power

Question 17

who coined the fourth form of power?

Answer 17

Ali S. Wyne: public opinion as the fourth form of power (after military, economic and political) that appreciates world opinion influence: perceptual power

Question 18

what else does ali s. wyne say about perceptions?

Answer 18

they are based on information but also falsehoods, biases

Question 19

according to Ali S. Wyne how is perceptual power distributed?

Answer 19

it is distributed among the greatest number of players, most dynamic and shifting

Question 20

What is discursive power and who coined it?

Answer 20

Jungherr, Possega and An (2019) coined it. DP is ability of contributors to communication spaces to introduce, amplify and maintain topics, frames and speaers, thus shaping public discourses and controversies that unfold in interconnected communication spaces

Question 21

what is episodic discursive power?

Answer 21

when contributors are able to shape topics, frames and speakers in isolated discursive episodes

Question 22

what is consistent discursive power?

Answer 22

when contributors are able to do so repeatedly over time

Question 23

what did Bourdieu say?

Answer 23

critical approach: the theory of knowlede is a dimension of political theory because the specifically symbolic power to impose the principles of the construction of reality-in particular, social reality-is a major dimension of political power

Question 24

In which way does Nye respond well to Bourdieu?

Answer 24

Nye’s soft power assets respond well to Bourdieu’s science, universities, culture and religion as elements of the field of power.

Question 25

what index shows the symbolic power their recognition in international community?

Answer 25

Elcano Global Presence Index