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CVPGI > 1-Blood Vessels > Flashcards

1-Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

the ratio of sick to well in a community. diseasaed or pathologic

A

morbid/morbidity

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2
Q

death and death rate

A

mort/mortality

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3
Q

what mechanism do vascular abnormalities cause disease

A
  • narrowing or blockiing of vessel

- weakening of the wall

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4
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

progressive narrowing

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5
Q

what is thrombosis

A

precipitous or sudden narrowing of vessel

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6
Q

where are intraparenchymal arteries found

A

within tissues of organs

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7
Q

how large are arterioles

A

20-100 um

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8
Q

how large are capillaries

A

7-8 um diameter

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9
Q

why do capillaries have a thin wall

A

permits passage of nutrients and oxygen from blood to tissue

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10
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries? where found?

A
  • window like openings

- found in glomeruli, liver (called sinudoids), and endocrine organs (called sinusoids)

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11
Q

what are venules

A

capillary veins with thin walls designed to permit the reentry of fluids from tissues to blood circulation
-also the site for exit of WBC into tissues

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12
Q

veins or arteries have higher lumen

A

veins

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13
Q

how much of the bodies blodd is contained in the veins

A

2/3

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14
Q

what is the direct extension of interstitial tissue space that serves as sites for the drainage of interstitial fluids that have not cycled back into the blood circulation

A

lymphatics

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15
Q

what type of artery contract and dilate in order to accomadate and regulate blood flow

A

muscular (medium) arteries

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16
Q

main functions of arteries

A

carry blood from heart and regulate blood pressure

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17
Q

name some large arteries (elastic) in the body

A
  • aorta
  • subclavian
  • CCA
  • iliac
  • pulmonary
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18
Q

name some medium sized (muscular arteries)

A

branches of aorta

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19
Q

what are distributing arteries

A

medium or muscular arteries

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20
Q

where are small arteries found

A

mostly within substance of tissues and organs

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21
Q

how large are small arteries

A

< 2mm

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22
Q

what is the tunica media made of

A

smooth muscle

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23
Q

what is the tunica adventia made of

A

fibrous connectice tissue

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24
Q

what is the tunica intima made of

A

endothelium

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25
how does the tunica media acquire oxygen and nutrients
vasa vasorum--small arterioles arising from outside the vessel perforate the external elastic membrane and send oxygen to the outer 2/3 of tunica media
26
what layer is the vasa vasorum found in the vessel
tunica adventitia
27
where are the nerve fibers of the blood vessels found
tunica adventitia and tunica media
28
what layer of elastic arteries are elastic fibers found mostly
tunica media
29
the resistance of a blood vessel to fluid flow in an arteriole is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the diameter. what does this mean?
halving the diameter of an arteriole, increases the resistance 16-fold
30
what blood vessel is the principle point of physiologic resistance to blood flow
arterioles
31
what vessels are affected most by atherosclerosis
large elastic and medium muscular arteries
32
what vessels does hypertension affect most
small arteries and arterioles
33
what type of cells line capillaries
endothelial cells
34
capillaries are supported on the outside by______and the _____________ is absent
- thin basement membrane | - tunica media
35
how many cells thick are capillaries
one
36
where would i find capillaries with a continuous endothelial layer
muscle, heart, lung, skin, nervous system
37
where would i find capillaries in which the endothelium is fenstrated
endocrine glands, renal glomeruli, vessels of GI tract
38
where would i find capillaries with little or no basement membrane
liver, spleen, bone marrow
39
specialized mesenchymal cells that line the inside surface of blood vessels
endothelial cells
40
what are endocardial cells
endothelial cells lineing inside heart chambers and heart valves
41
what is the basic shape of endothelial cells
- polygonal - elongated cells - pinocytotic vesicles - form junctional complexes
42
what are weibal-palade bodies
storage organelle found in endothelial cells that store von Willebrand Facto (vWF)
43
what does vWF do
helps repair damaged endothelial cells
44
how are endothelial cells identified immunohistochemically
- with factor VIII related antigen | - CD31
45
what are the 8 fxns of endothelial cells
``` 1-structural 2-barrier 3-anticoagulant 4-vascular tone 5-inflammatory 6-immunologic 7-cell growth regulation 8-metabolic ```
46
what anticogaulants do endothelial cells secrete
- heparin like molecules - plasminogen activator - prostacyclin - thrombomodulin
47
what procoagulents do endothelial cells secrete
- plasminigen activator inhibitor - thromboplastin - vWF (factor VIII)
48
what vasoactive substances do endothelial cells secrete
- constrictors--ACE, endothelin | - dilators--NO, prostacyclin
49
what inflammation and immunity substances do endothelial cells secrete
- inflammation--IL1, IL6, IL8 - adhesion--P/E selectin, ICAM1 - MHC
50
what growth stims and inhibitors do endothelial cells secrete
- stims--platelet derived GF (PDGF), colony stimulating factor (CSF), fibroblast growth F (FGF) - inhibitors--heparin, TGF-beta
51
what is secreted from endothelial cells during angiogenesis
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
52
what is secreted from endothelial cells during EC matrix production
collagen, proteoglycans
53
what is the difference in between resting and sctivated endothelial cells
- morphologically--nothing | - functionally--appearance of surface receptors and adhesion molecules, and altered secretory programs
54
what is endothelial stimulation
endothelial response to abnormal stimuli is rapid (minutes)
55
what is endothelial activation
alterations in gene expression and protein synthesis. requires hours or days
56
what are some functions of smooth muscle cells
- constrict or dilate - synthesize EC matrix malecules - secretes cytokines and GF - repair vascular injury AND PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS
57
what do vascular smooth muscles look like
spindle shaped with single elongated nuclei (resemble fibroblasts)
58
what mediates the contractile fxn of smooth muscle cells
cytoplasmic filaments that contain actin and myosin
59
which substances stimulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in injured blood vessels
- Platelet-Derived GF (PDGF)--derived from platelets, endothelial cells and macrophages - Basic Fibroblast GF (BFGF) - IL1
60
which substancesinhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in injured blood vessels
- TGF beta (transforming GF) - IFN gamma (interferon) - NO/EDRF (endothelial derived relaxing factor) - Heparen sulphates
61
how does vascular injury stimulate smooth muscle cell growth
by disrupting the physiological balance b/w inhibition and stimulation
62
how is damage to the enodthelial vascular wall repaired
1-smooth muscle cells migrate from tunica media to tunica intima 2-area is filled with platelets and macrophages -release of PDGF and BFGF to stimulate smooth muscle cells to grow onto site of injury -formation of neointima
63
what happens when smooth muscle cells migrate from the media to intima? do they beahve the same?
-No, they DO NOT behave the same -lose capacity to contract gain capacity to divide increase synthesis of EC matrix molecules
64
intimal smooth muscle cells may return to a nonproliferative state when...
1-overlying endothelial layer is reestablished to nonpreoliferative state 2-chronic stimulation stops
65
what would happen if the regrowth of endothelial cells does not occur
the inrimal thickening may continue and even enlarge. (similar to keloid scars)
66
what would be the result of excess and continuing proliferation by smooth muscle cells
thickening and enlargement of tunica intima
67
what is denudation
rmoval of epithelium from an underlying surface

CVPGI (14 decks)

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