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CVPGI > 1-Blood Vessels > Flashcards

1-Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

the ratio of sick to well in a community. diseasaed or pathologic

A

morbid/morbidity

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2
Q

death and death rate

A

mort/mortality

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3
Q

what mechanism do vascular abnormalities cause disease

A
  • narrowing or blockiing of vessel

- weakening of the wall

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4
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

progressive narrowing

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5
Q

what is thrombosis

A

precipitous or sudden narrowing of vessel

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6
Q

where are intraparenchymal arteries found

A

within tissues of organs

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7
Q

how large are arterioles

A

20-100 um

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8
Q

how large are capillaries

A

7-8 um diameter

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9
Q

why do capillaries have a thin wall

A

permits passage of nutrients and oxygen from blood to tissue

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10
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries? where found?

A
  • window like openings

- found in glomeruli, liver (called sinudoids), and endocrine organs (called sinusoids)

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11
Q

what are venules

A

capillary veins with thin walls designed to permit the reentry of fluids from tissues to blood circulation
-also the site for exit of WBC into tissues

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12
Q

veins or arteries have higher lumen

A

veins

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13
Q

how much of the bodies blodd is contained in the veins

A

2/3

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14
Q

what is the direct extension of interstitial tissue space that serves as sites for the drainage of interstitial fluids that have not cycled back into the blood circulation

A

lymphatics

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15
Q

what type of artery contract and dilate in order to accomadate and regulate blood flow

A

muscular (medium) arteries

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16
Q

main functions of arteries

A

carry blood from heart and regulate blood pressure

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17
Q

name some large arteries (elastic) in the body

A
  • aorta
  • subclavian
  • CCA
  • iliac
  • pulmonary
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18
Q

name some medium sized (muscular arteries)

A

branches of aorta

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19
Q

what are distributing arteries

A

medium or muscular arteries

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20
Q

where are small arteries found

A

mostly within substance of tissues and organs

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21
Q

how large are small arteries

A

< 2mm

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22
Q

what is the tunica media made of

A

smooth muscle

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23
Q

what is the tunica adventia made of

A

fibrous connectice tissue

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24
Q

what is the tunica intima made of

A

endothelium

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25
Q

how does the tunica media acquire oxygen and nutrients

A

vasa vasorum–small arterioles arising from outside the vessel perforate the external elastic membrane and send oxygen to the outer 2/3 of tunica media

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26
Q

what layer is the vasa vasorum found in the vessel

A

tunica adventitia

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27
Q

where are the nerve fibers of the blood vessels found

A

tunica adventitia and tunica media

28
Q

what layer of elastic arteries are elastic fibers found mostly

A

tunica media

29
Q

the resistance of a blood vessel to fluid flow in an arteriole is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the diameter. what does this mean?

A

halving the diameter of an arteriole, increases the resistance 16-fold

30
Q

what blood vessel is the principle point of physiologic resistance to blood flow

A

arterioles

31
Q

what vessels are affected most by atherosclerosis

A

large elastic and medium muscular arteries

32
Q

what vessels does hypertension affect most

A

small arteries and arterioles

33
Q

what type of cells line capillaries

A

endothelial cells

34
Q

capillaries are supported on the outside by______and the _____________ is absent

A
  • thin basement membrane

- tunica media

35
Q

how many cells thick are capillaries

A

one

36
Q

where would i find capillaries with a continuous endothelial layer

A

muscle, heart, lung, skin, nervous system

37
Q

where would i find capillaries in which the endothelium is fenstrated

A

endocrine glands, renal glomeruli, vessels of GI tract

38
Q

where would i find capillaries with little or no basement membrane

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

39
Q

specialized mesenchymal cells that line the inside surface of blood vessels

A

endothelial cells

40
Q

what are endocardial cells

A

endothelial cells lineing inside heart chambers and heart valves

41
Q

what is the basic shape of endothelial cells

A
  • polygonal
  • elongated cells
  • pinocytotic vesicles
  • form junctional complexes
42
Q

what are weibal-palade bodies

A

storage organelle found in endothelial cells that store von Willebrand Facto (vWF)

43
Q

what does vWF do

A

helps repair damaged endothelial cells

44
Q

how are endothelial cells identified immunohistochemically

A
  • with factor VIII related antigen

- CD31

45
Q

what are the 8 fxns of endothelial cells

A 
1-structural
2-barrier
3-anticoagulant
4-vascular tone
5-inflammatory
6-immunologic
7-cell growth regulation
8-metabolic
46
Q

what anticogaulants do endothelial cells secrete

A
  • heparin like molecules
  • plasminogen activator
  • prostacyclin
  • thrombomodulin
47
Q

what procoagulents do endothelial cells secrete

A
  • plasminigen activator inhibitor
  • thromboplastin
  • vWF (factor VIII)
48
Q

what vasoactive substances do endothelial cells secrete

A
  • constrictors–ACE, endothelin

- dilators–NO, prostacyclin

49
Q

what inflammation and immunity substances do endothelial cells secrete

A
  • inflammation–IL1, IL6, IL8
  • adhesion–P/E selectin, ICAM1
  • MHC
50
Q

what growth stims and inhibitors do endothelial cells secrete

A
  • stims–platelet derived GF (PDGF), colony stimulating factor (CSF), fibroblast growth F (FGF)
  • inhibitors–heparin, TGF-beta
51
Q

what is secreted from endothelial cells during angiogenesis

A

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

52
Q

what is secreted from endothelial cells during EC matrix production

A

collagen, proteoglycans

53
Q

what is the difference in between resting and sctivated endothelial cells

A
  • morphologically–nothing

- functionally–appearance of surface receptors and adhesion molecules, and altered secretory programs

54
Q

what is endothelial stimulation

A

endothelial response to abnormal stimuli is rapid (minutes)

55
Q

what is endothelial activation

A

alterations in gene expression and protein synthesis. requires hours or days

56
Q

what are some functions of smooth muscle cells

A
  • constrict or dilate
  • synthesize EC matrix malecules
  • secretes cytokines and GF
  • repair vascular injury AND PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS
57
Q

what do vascular smooth muscles look like

A

spindle shaped with single elongated nuclei (resemble fibroblasts)

58
Q

what mediates the contractile fxn of smooth muscle cells

A

cytoplasmic filaments that contain actin and myosin

59
Q

which substances stimulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in injured blood vessels

A
  • Platelet-Derived GF (PDGF)–derived from platelets, endothelial cells and macrophages
  • Basic Fibroblast GF (BFGF)
  • IL1
60
Q

which substancesinhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in injured blood vessels

A
  • TGF beta (transforming GF)
  • IFN gamma (interferon)
  • NO/EDRF (endothelial derived relaxing factor)
  • Heparen sulphates
61
Q

how does vascular injury stimulate smooth muscle cell growth

A

by disrupting the physiological balance b/w inhibition and stimulation

62
Q

how is damage to the enodthelial vascular wall repaired

A

1-smooth muscle cells migrate from tunica media to tunica intima
2-area is filled with platelets and macrophages
-release of PDGF and BFGF to stimulate smooth muscle cells to grow onto site of injury
-formation of neointima

63
Q

what happens when smooth muscle cells migrate from the media to intima? do they beahve the same?

A

-No, they DO NOT behave the same
-lose capacity to contract
gain capacity to divide
increase synthesis of EC matrix molecules

64
Q

intimal smooth muscle cells may return to a nonproliferative state when…

A

1-overlying endothelial layer is reestablished to nonpreoliferative state
2-chronic stimulation stops

65
Q

what would happen if the regrowth of endothelial cells does not occur

A

the inrimal thickening may continue and even enlarge. (similar to keloid scars)

66
Q

what would be the result of excess and continuing proliferation by smooth muscle cells

A

thickening and enlargement of tunica intima

67
Q

what is denudation

A

rmoval of epithelium from an underlying surface

CVPGI (14 decks)

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