4-Hypertension

Question 1

what BP is considered hypertensive

Answer 1

> 140 over <90

Question 2

what percentage of the general population have hypertension

Answer 2

25%

Question 3

are there racial differences associated with hypertension

Answer 3

yes, african americans are affected about twice as much

Question 4

what is accelerated or malignant hypertension

Answer 4

diastolic pressure is greater than 120 mm Hg

Question 5

accelerated hypertension can lead to what

Answer 5

renal failure
retinal hemorrhages
exudate

Question 6

resistance of blood flow is primarily due to what

Answer 6

size of the lumen and degree of vasoconstriction

Question 7

what mediates the regulation of BP

Answer 7

autonomic nervous system

Question 8

what happens to BP when kidney filtration decreases

Answer 8

less rapid regulation of BP

Question 9

define cardiac output

Answer 9

amount of blood pumped by left ventricle into aorta in 1 minute

Question 10

how do we calculate blood flow

Answer 10

by using cardiac output or venous return

Question 11

define venous return

Answer 11

amount of blood flowing from veins into right atrium each minute

Question 12

factors changing cardiac output

Answer 12

• change in HR

- change in blood volume

Question 13

what transmitters are defined as arterial constrictors

Answer 13

• angiotensin II
• catecholamines
• thromboxane
• leukotrienes
• enothelin

Question 14

what transmitters are known to be arterial dilators

Answer 14

• prostaglandins
• kinins
• NO/EDRF

Question 15

what is the effect of age on systolic blood pressure

Answer 15

increase age–>increase arteriosclerosis–>INCREASE systolic BP

Question 16

what is the effect of age on the diastolic BP

Answer 16

increase age–>increase areterial resistance–>diastolic BP is INCREASED

Question 17

essential hypertension (idiopathic)

Answer 17

cause unknown
a diagnosis of exclusion (90-95%)
-genetic predispostion
-race (blacks)
-Na homeostasis (increase salt intake)
-stress
-lack of exercise

Question 18

what is secondary hypertension

Answer 18

5-10% of hypertension is a complication of other diseases

Question 19

what are the causes of secondary hypertension

Answer 19

R–renal
E–enodcrine (adrenal hyperfunction, hyperthyroidism
N–neurologic (intercranial hypertension, encephalitis
A–aortic (atherosclerotic rigidity of aorta)
L–lablile (stress, post op)

Question 20

what factors cause hypertension by increasing peripheral resistance

Answer 20

• Neurogenic
• paracrine
• endocrine

Question 21

what are the most common complications of hypertension

Answer 21

H-heart hypertrophy
E-eye changes
A-aortic dissection
R-renal disease
T-thalamic hemorrhage (stroke)