07a: Embryology and Placenta Histo Flashcards by Nuna H

The genital ridge forms in the (X) region. Germ cells migrate (to/from) there, (to/from) (Y).

X = mesonephric
To; from
Y = yolk sac (in umbilicus region)

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Primitive gonad: the germ cells originate from which tissue layer?

None! Migrate from extra-embryonic yolk sac

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Embryology: migration of (X) cells to (Y) part of brain follows molecular cues associated with the olfactory tract.

X = GnRH neurons
Y = hypothalamus

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Embryology: (X) cells surround the M and F primordial sex cells. But, in (F/M), (Y) tubules fuse with medullary ends of the sex cords. What structure will this become?

X = coelomic epithelial
M;
Y = mesonephric duct

Rete testis (and entire duct system)

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Embryology: the (X) cells that surround the F primordial sex cells is basis for which future structure?

X = coelomic epithelial

Follicular cells (of primordial follicle)

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Degenerating mesonephric duct becomes (X) in (M/F). Where are these structures located?

X = epooporon, paroophoron, and Gartner’s duct
F;
In wall of broad ligament (near ovary)

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Embryology: the (X) cells that surround the M primordial sex cells is basis for which future structure?

X = coelomic epithelial

Sertoli cells

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Embryology: (F/M) is default and (F/M) development occurs under influence of (X) protein, coded on (Y).

F; M
X = testis-determining factor (TDF)
Y = SRY (sex-determining region of Y chromosome)

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At about (X) weeks GA, testes descend into (Y) through (Z).

X = 26
Y = scrotum
Z = inguinal canal

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As testes descend, list the structure(s) that come with them.

Vessels and nerves

2. Some peritoneum (tunica vaginalis)

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Undescended testes, a condition called (X), occurs in (Y)% of premature infants. What are some effects of this?

X = cryptorchidism;
Y = 30

Sterility and increased risk for testicular cancer

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Torsion of the testes involves twisting of (X).

X = spermatic cord

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Degenerating paramesonephric duct becomes (X) in (M/F).

X = appendix testis and prostatic utricle

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The “female prostate” is formally called (X) gland.

X = paraurethral

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(X) uterus has double vagina.

X = didelphic

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Embryology: Once (X) septum forms, the now separate (Y) migrates, in (M/F), from the rectum.

X = urorectal
Y = urogenital sinus

M (in F, they stay close in proximity)

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If you had to attribute development of male genitalia to one culprit, it would be (X). That’s why (excess/deficiency) of (Y) will cause M to have F-looking external genitalia at birth.

X = DHT!!
Deficiency
Y = 5-alpha-reductase (2)

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The (X) is the tissue that gives rise to fetal portion of placenta. What tissue/cell types does it consist of?

X = chorion

Extra-embryonic mesoderm
Cytotrophoblasts
Syncytiotrophoblasts

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Epithelium of the amnion is (simple/stratified/pseudostratified) and (X)-shaped.

Simple;

X = cuboidal

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The amnion is composed of which two tissue layers?

Amniotic epithelium

2. Fetal mesoderm

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Decidual cells arise from transformation of (X) cells.

X = endometrial stromal

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(X) villi are large, arise from chorionic plate, and bear (Y) vessels.

X = stem
Y = placental aa and vv

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(X) villi fuse to (Y) of the basal plate.

X = anchoring
Y = cytotrophoblasts

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At term, (syncytiotrophoblasts/cytotrophoblats) line the chorionic villi and face the maternal blood space.

Syncytiotrophoblasts (ONLY)

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When sperm binds its receptors in (X), (Y) phenomenon occurs to render remaining sperm unable to bind and fertilize oocyte. How quickly does this occur?

``` X = zona pellucida Y = Ca-mediated wave of activity ``` 1-2 ms of sperm binding

Following fertilization, as the (X) is swept toward uterus, how often are mitotic divisions occurring? How long is this pre-implantation stage?

X = zygote (embryo) About once per day; About 1 week

Capacitation of sperm is required specifically for its penetration of:

Corona radiata

"Carnegie stage 2": (X) number of cells present in zygote. And corresponds with day (Y) post-fertilization.

``` X = 2 Y = 1 ```

Post-fertilization: (X)-cell stage is the last at which cells are (multi/toti)-potent. This means each cell capable of making an entire embryo and no (Y) has occurred.

X = 8 Totipotent Y = differentiation

Post-fertilization: At (X) cell stage, the cells begin differentiation. This cell mass is (solid/hollow).

X = morula | Solid

Zygote: cells formed by mitotic divisions are formally called (X).

X = blastomeres

Zygote: hollow ball, (X), consists of the cellular wall called (Y) and the fluid-filled cavity called (Z).

``` X = blastocyst Y = trophoblast Z = blastocoele ```

Zygote: an inner cell mass (ICM) forms in (X) stage and adheres to (Y).

``` X = blastocyst Y = trophoblast inner wall ```

Blastocyst: the (X) will form placenta and the (Y) will form the embryo.

``` X = trophoblast (wall) Y = ICM (inner cell mass) ```

The blastocyst stage is Carnegie stage (X).

X = 3

T/F: Trophoblast cells that lie over ICM make contact with endometrium first during implantation.

True

Implantation: trophoblast differentiation forms (X) cells, which are mitotically active. These cells fuse to form (Y).

``` X = cytotrophoblast Y = multinucleate syncytium (syncytiotrophoblasts) ```

(Syncytiotrophoblasts/cytotrophoblast) secrete hormones. List them.

Syncytiotrophoblasts; P, E, hCG, and lactogens

Key function of decidual cells.

Prevent trophoblastic invasion (protection of mother)

T/F: The blastocyst eventually completely embeds itself in endometrial stroma.

True

Placenta accreta is a condition in which:

Implantation extends to surface of myometrium

Placenta increta is a condition in which:

Implantation extends into body of myometrium

Placenta percreta is a condition in which:

Implantation extends through perimetrium

Day 14 PF: maternal blood from (X) empties into lacunae formed by (Y).

``` X = spinal aa Y = syncytiotrophoblasts ```

T/F: The chorion is synonymous with the chorionic plate.

False - chorionic plate is structure formed from fusion of chorion and amnion

"Decidua" is simply a name for (X) after (Y) occurs.

``` X = endometrium Y = implantation ```

Portion of decidua immediately beneath site of implantation is called:

Decidua basalis

Portion of decidua that reforms over conceptus is called:

Decidua capsularis

Placenta previa is a condition in which implantation occurs too close to (X). Why is this an issue?

X = internal os Bleeding from placenta, which is formed over the internal os; increases risk of pre-term birth

As fetus and amniotic sac grow bigger, (X) cell layer is obliterated and the (Y) layer forms a discoid shape due to its retraction toward (Z) structure(s).

``` X = decidua capsularis Y = chorion Z = spinal aa ```

Cotyledons are knob-like structures on (X) side of the placenta. Why do they arise?

X = chorionic Chorionic villi proliferate near spinal aa

(X) villi increase in number with placenta age.

X = free

What leads to pre-eclampsia condition?

Failure of spiral aa to enlarge (upon contact with placenta)

How is pre-eclampsia diagnosed?

Maternal high BP and proteinuria

Your patient had pre-eclampsia, and the baby had to be aborted to save mother's life. What findings would you expect to see on placenta?

Lack of free placental villi

The thinnest point of the blood-placenta barrier is composed of which layers (start from intervillous spaces)

1. Syncytiotrophoblasts 2. Cytotrophoblast (if present) 3. Basal lamina (of trophoblast) 4. Basal lamina (of endothelial cell) 5. Endothelial cell of villus capillary

Each F breast consists of (X) mammary gland(s). Each is made up of 15-20 (Y)

``` X = 1 Y = lobes of tubuloalveolar glands ```

Lactiferous ducts connect each (X) with the nipple.

X = mammary gland lobe

T/F: The secretory units of the mammary gland don't form/differentiate until puberty.

False - only form during pregnancy

Mammary glands: | (Intra/inter)-lobular CT formed primarily of collagen and (X) fibers and is highly cellular.

Intralobular; | X = reticular

Mammary glands: | (Intra/inter)-lobular CT is a dense CT, formed primarily of collagen and (X) fibers.

Interlobular; | X = elastic

Which changes in breast/mammary gland take place at puberty? (X) hormone primarily responsible.

Branching of ducts and formation of alveoli X = progesterone

Which changes in breast/mammary gland take place during pregnancy? (X) hormone primarily responsible.

Secretory differentiation of alvolar cells X = prolactin

Mammary glands: Most of the proteins, lipids, CHO in milk come from:

production by alveolar cells