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Endo/Repro > 07a: Embryology and Placenta Histo > Flashcards

07a: Embryology and Placenta Histo Flashcards

1
Q

The genital ridge forms in the (X) region. Germ cells migrate (to/from) there, (to/from) (Y).

A

X = mesonephric
To; from
Y = yolk sac (in umbilicus region)

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2
Q

Primitive gonad: the germ cells originate from which tissue layer?

A

None! Migrate from extra-embryonic yolk sac

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3
Q

Embryology: migration of (X) cells to (Y) part of brain follows molecular cues associated with the olfactory tract.

A 
X = GnRH neurons
Y = hypothalamus
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4
Q

Embryology: (X) cells surround the M and F primordial sex cells. But, in (F/M), (Y) tubules fuse with medullary ends of the sex cords. What structure will this become?

A

X = coelomic epithelial
M;
Y = mesonephric duct

Rete testis (and entire duct system)

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5
Q

Embryology: the (X) cells that surround the F primordial sex cells is basis for which future structure?

A

X = coelomic epithelial

Follicular cells (of primordial follicle)

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6
Q

Degenerating mesonephric duct becomes (X) in (M/F). Where are these structures located?

A

X = epooporon, paroophoron, and Gartner’s duct
F;
In wall of broad ligament (near ovary)

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7
Q

Embryology: the (X) cells that surround the M primordial sex cells is basis for which future structure?

A

X = coelomic epithelial

Sertoli cells

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8
Q

Embryology: (F/M) is default and (F/M) development occurs under influence of (X) protein, coded on (Y).

A

F; M
X = testis-determining factor (TDF)
Y = SRY (sex-determining region of Y chromosome)

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9
Q

At about (X) weeks GA, testes descend into (Y) through (Z).

A 
X = 26
Y = scrotum
Z = inguinal canal
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10
Q

As testes descend, list the structure(s) that come with them.

A
  1. Vessels and nerves

2. Some peritoneum (tunica vaginalis)

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11
Q

Undescended testes, a condition called (X), occurs in (Y)% of premature infants. What are some effects of this?

A 
X = cryptorchidism;
Y = 30

Sterility and increased risk for testicular cancer

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12
Q

Torsion of the testes involves twisting of (X).

A

X = spermatic cord

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13
Q

Degenerating paramesonephric duct becomes (X) in (M/F).

A

X = appendix testis and prostatic utricle

M

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14
Q

The “female prostate” is formally called (X) gland.

A

X = paraurethral

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15
Q

(X) uterus has double vagina.

A

X = didelphic

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16
Q

Embryology: Once (X) septum forms, the now separate (Y) migrates, in (M/F), from the rectum.

A 
X = urorectal
Y = urogenital sinus

M (in F, they stay close in proximity)

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17
Q

If you had to attribute development of male genitalia to one culprit, it would be (X). That’s why (excess/deficiency) of (Y) will cause M to have F-looking external genitalia at birth.

A

X = DHT!!
Deficiency
Y = 5-alpha-reductase (2)

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18
Q

The (X) is the tissue that gives rise to fetal portion of placenta. What tissue/cell types does it consist of?

A

X = chorion

  1. Extra-embryonic mesoderm
  2. Cytotrophoblasts
  3. Syncytiotrophoblasts
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19
Q

Epithelium of the amnion is (simple/stratified/pseudostratified) and (X)-shaped.

A

Simple;

X = cuboidal

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20
Q

The amnion is composed of which two tissue layers?

A
  1. Amniotic epithelium

2. Fetal mesoderm

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21
Q

Decidual cells arise from transformation of (X) cells.

A

X = endometrial stromal

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22
Q

(X) villi are large, arise from chorionic plate, and bear (Y) vessels.

A 
X = stem
Y = placental aa and vv
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23
Q

(X) villi fuse to (Y) of the basal plate.

A 
X = anchoring
Y = cytotrophoblasts
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24
Q

At term, (syncytiotrophoblasts/cytotrophoblats) line the chorionic villi and face the maternal blood space.

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts (ONLY)

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25
Q

When sperm binds its receptors in (X), (Y) phenomenon occurs to render remaining sperm unable to bind and fertilize oocyte. How quickly does this occur?

A 
X = zona pellucida
Y = Ca-mediated wave of activity

1-2 ms of sperm binding

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26
Q

Following fertilization, as the (X) is swept toward uterus, how often are mitotic divisions occurring? How long is this pre-implantation stage?

A

X = zygote (embryo)

About once per day;
About 1 week

27
Q

Capacitation of sperm is required specifically for its penetration of:

A

Corona radiata

28
Q

“Carnegie stage 2”: (X) number of cells present in zygote. And corresponds with day (Y) post-fertilization.

A 
X = 2
Y = 1
29
Q

Post-fertilization: (X)-cell stage is the last at which cells are (multi/toti)-potent. This means each cell capable of making an entire embryo and no (Y) has occurred.

A

X = 8
Totipotent
Y = differentiation

30
Q

Post-fertilization: At (X) cell stage, the cells begin differentiation. This cell mass is (solid/hollow).

A

X = morula

Solid

31
Q

Zygote: cells formed by mitotic divisions are formally called (X).

A

X = blastomeres

32
Q

Zygote: hollow ball, (X), consists of the cellular wall called (Y) and the fluid-filled cavity called (Z).

A 
X = blastocyst
Y = trophoblast
Z = blastocoele
33
Q

Zygote: an inner cell mass (ICM) forms in (X) stage and adheres to (Y).

A 
X = blastocyst
Y = trophoblast inner wall
34
Q

Blastocyst: the (X) will form placenta and the (Y) will form the embryo.

A 
X = trophoblast (wall)
Y = ICM (inner cell mass)
35
Q

The blastocyst stage is Carnegie stage (X).

A

X = 3

36
Q

T/F: Trophoblast cells that lie over ICM make contact with endometrium first during implantation.

A

True

37
Q

Implantation: trophoblast differentiation forms (X) cells, which are mitotically active. These cells fuse to form (Y).

A 
X = cytotrophoblast
Y = multinucleate syncytium (syncytiotrophoblasts)
38
Q

(Syncytiotrophoblasts/cytotrophoblast) secrete hormones. List them.

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts;

P, E, hCG, and lactogens

39
Q

Key function of decidual cells.

A

Prevent trophoblastic invasion (protection of mother)

40
Q

T/F: The blastocyst eventually completely embeds itself in endometrial stroma.

A

True

41
Q

Placenta accreta is a condition in which:

A

Implantation extends to surface of myometrium

42
Q

Placenta increta is a condition in which:

A

Implantation extends into body of myometrium

43
Q

Placenta percreta is a condition in which:

A

Implantation extends through perimetrium

44
Q

Day 14 PF: maternal blood from (X) empties into lacunae formed by (Y).

A 
X = spinal aa
Y = syncytiotrophoblasts
45
Q

T/F: The chorion is synonymous with the chorionic plate.

A

False - chorionic plate is structure formed from fusion of chorion and amnion

46
Q

“Decidua” is simply a name for (X) after (Y) occurs.

A 
X = endometrium
Y = implantation
47
Q

Portion of decidua immediately beneath site of implantation is called:

A

Decidua basalis

48
Q

Portion of decidua that reforms over conceptus is called:

A

Decidua capsularis

49
Q

Placenta previa is a condition in which implantation occurs too close to (X). Why is this an issue?

A

X = internal os

Bleeding from placenta, which is formed over the internal os; increases risk of pre-term birth

50
Q

As fetus and amniotic sac grow bigger, (X) cell layer is obliterated and the (Y) layer forms a discoid shape due to its retraction toward (Z) structure(s).

A 
X = decidua capsularis
Y = chorion
Z = spinal aa
51
Q

Cotyledons are knob-like structures on (X) side of the placenta. Why do they arise?

A

X = chorionic

Chorionic villi proliferate near spinal aa

52
Q

(X) villi increase in number with placenta age.

A

X = free

53
Q

What leads to pre-eclampsia condition?

A

Failure of spiral aa to enlarge (upon contact with placenta)

54
Q

How is pre-eclampsia diagnosed?

A

Maternal high BP and proteinuria

55
Q

Your patient had pre-eclampsia, and the baby had to be aborted to save mother’s life. What findings would you expect to see on placenta?

A

Lack of free placental villi

56
Q

The thinnest point of the blood-placenta barrier is composed of which layers (start from intervillous spaces)

A
  1. Syncytiotrophoblasts
  2. Cytotrophoblast (if present)
  3. Basal lamina (of trophoblast)
  4. Basal lamina (of endothelial cell)
  5. Endothelial cell of villus capillary
57
Q

Each F breast consists of (X) mammary gland(s). Each is made up of 15-20 (Y)

A 
X = 1
Y = lobes of tubuloalveolar glands
58
Q

Lactiferous ducts connect each (X) with the nipple.

A

X = mammary gland lobe

59
Q

T/F: The secretory units of the mammary gland don’t form/differentiate until puberty.

A

False - only form during pregnancy

60
Q

Mammary glands:

(Intra/inter)-lobular CT formed primarily of collagen and (X) fibers and is highly cellular.

A

Intralobular;

X = reticular

61
Q

Mammary glands:

(Intra/inter)-lobular CT is a dense CT, formed primarily of collagen and (X) fibers.

A

Interlobular;

X = elastic

62
Q

Which changes in breast/mammary gland take place at puberty? (X) hormone primarily responsible.

A

Branching of ducts and formation of alveoli

X = progesterone

63
Q

Which changes in breast/mammary gland take place during pregnancy? (X) hormone primarily responsible.

A

Secretory differentiation of alvolar cells

X = prolactin

64
Q

Mammary glands: Most of the proteins, lipids, CHO in milk come from:

A

production by alveolar cells

Endo/Repro (15 decks)

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