02a: Anatomy/Embryology Flashcards
The (X) cells of the choroid plexus produce as well as (Y) CSF. Describe their characteristic features.
X = ependymal Y = absorb and move
Ciliated, simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
(X) endocrine gland produces (Y) and calcifies with age (very prominent in CT scan).
X = pineal gland Y = melatonin
Adenohypophysis embryologically derived from which tissue type?
Oral ectoderm
Neurohypophysis embryologically derived from which tissue type?
Neural ectoderm
Adrenal cortex embryologically derived from which tissue type?
Intermediate mesoderm/mesenchyme
T/F: Adrenal cortex layers arise in progression, with all 3 present by birth.
False - only 2/3 present at birth
(X) layer of adrenal cortex is last to form.
X = zona reticularis
The adrenal medulla is analogous to (X)-derived (Y) structures.
X = neural crest Y = peripheral ganglia
The Organ of Zuckerlkandel is located near (X) and shares common origin with (Y).
X = abdominal aorta (para-aortic) Y = adrenal medulla
The important function of Organ of Zuckerlkandel is seen during (X) stage of life. What’s the function?
X = fetus (up to age 1)
Regulates vascular tone
Organ of Zuckerlkandel is the potential source of (X) cancers in (fetus/adult)?
Fetus;
X = catecholamine-secreting neuroblastomas OR paragangliomas
(X) tissue is folded into the four branchial arches. And (Y) tissue forms the corresponding pharyngeal pouches.
X = ectoderm Y = endoderm
Thyroid begins to form in which location, relative to branchial arches/pharyngeal pouches? Where does it migrate to?
Posterior to 1st pharyngeal pouch;
Down near 4th pouch
T/F: All endocrine cells have an epithelial origin.
True
List two examples in which endocrine cells form a new epithelioid structure. In other words, their (X) surface is (lost/retained) compared to organs that simply delaminate from epithelium of origin.
- Thyroid
- Ovary
X = apical
Retained
(apical/basal polarity and lumen present)
Circumventricular structures of brain, such as (X), are exceptions to general BBB structure. Which type of cap’s are found in these areas? Blood flow is (high/low/same) compared to rest of brain.
X = pineal gland and choroid plexus; post pituitary and median eminence;
Fenestrated cap’s;
Higher
Despite presence of fenestrated capillaries in (X), blood does not flow backwards into central brain regions.
X = posterior pituitary
Pineal gland releases (X) into (blood/CSF/other) and (X) enters cells via (Y) transporter.
X = melatonin
Blood and CSF;
No transporters needed (highly fat-soluble)
Adipocytes release which important endocrine hormones?
- Leptin
2. Adiponectin
T/F: Gene expression, hormone production, and hormonal responsivity all vary in adipocytes, depending on location.
True
T/F: Replication potential is greatest in visceral adipose.
False - subcutaneous
Obesity: chronic (X) state due to apoptosis of adipocytes. In addition, (high/low) levels of (Y) endocrine hormone adds to this state.
X = inflammatory
Low;
Y = adiponectin
(High/low) adiponectin levels in obesity leads to which effects?
Low;
- Low insulin sensitivity
- Inflammation
- High risk atherosclerosis and diabetes
Invagination of (X) epithelium forms pouch of Rathke. This is during formation of (Y) structure.
X = pharyngeal (oral); Y = adenohypophysis
Anterior portion of pouch of Rathke eventually becomes (X). And posterior becomes (Y).
X = enlarges to become pars distalis Y = thins to become pars intermedia
T/F: Pars tuberalis arises from pouch of Rathke.
True - diverticula of pouch grow along infundibulum and fuse to surround it
Pituitary attains its adult weight in which stage of life?
Puberty
Neurohypophysis begins as (solid/hollow) diverticulum that elongates toward (X). How do the walls change with time?
Hollow;
X = stomodeum
Thicken until cavity obliterated (except upper end, becomes part of 3rd ventricle)
The (X) bud in the developing pancreas also originates which other structures?
X = ventral
- Common bile duct
- Liver and Gallbladder
Pancreas: the duct of (X) is simply the retained (inflow/outflow) tract of (Y) bud.
X = Santorini;
Outflow (into duodenum);
Y = dorsal
Pancreas: the duct of (X) drains with common bile duct into (Y) through which structures?
X = Wirsung; Y = duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi and Ampulla of Vader
(X) cells of developing pancreas cycle through production of multiple hormones. The first produced is (Y).
X = pancreatic islet Y = gastrin
Development of pancreatic islet cells: the cells undergo (X) transition by (gaining/losing) junctional complexes.
X = epithelial-to-mesenchymal
Losing
T/F: Gastrin production in healthy pancreas should be in the fetus only.
True
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrom (ZES) refers to (X) tumor in (Y) organ.
X = gastrin-producing Y = adult pancreas
