02a: Anatomy/Embryology

Question 1

The (X) cells of the choroid plexus produce as well as (Y) CSF. Describe their characteristic features.

Answer 1

X = ependymal
Y = absorb and move

Ciliated, simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium

Question 2

(X) endocrine gland produces (Y) and calcifies with age (very prominent in CT scan).

Answer 2

X = pineal gland
Y = melatonin

Question 3

Adenohypophysis embryologically derived from which tissue type?

Answer 3

Oral ectoderm

Question 4

Neurohypophysis embryologically derived from which tissue type?

Answer 4

Neural ectoderm

Question 5

Adrenal cortex embryologically derived from which tissue type?

Answer 5

Intermediate mesoderm/mesenchyme

Question 6

T/F: Adrenal cortex layers arise in progression, with all 3 present by birth.

Answer 6

False - only 2/3 present at birth

Question 7

(X) layer of adrenal cortex is last to form.

Answer 7

X = zona reticularis

Question 8

The adrenal medulla is analogous to (X)-derived (Y) structures.

Answer 8

X = neural crest
Y = peripheral ganglia

Question 9

The Organ of Zuckerlkandel is located near (X) and shares common origin with (Y).

Answer 9

X = abdominal aorta (para-aortic)
Y = adrenal medulla

Question 10

The important function of Organ of Zuckerlkandel is seen during (X) stage of life. What’s the function?

Answer 10

X = fetus (up to age 1)

Regulates vascular tone

Question 11

Organ of Zuckerlkandel is the potential source of (X) cancers in (fetus/adult)?

Answer 11

Fetus;

X = catecholamine-secreting neuroblastomas OR paragangliomas

Question 12

(X) tissue is folded into the four branchial arches. And (Y) tissue forms the corresponding pharyngeal pouches.

Answer 12

X = ectoderm
Y = endoderm

Question 13

Thyroid begins to form in which location, relative to branchial arches/pharyngeal pouches? Where does it migrate to?

Answer 13

Posterior to 1st pharyngeal pouch;

Down near 4th pouch

Question 14

T/F: All endocrine cells have an epithelial origin.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

List two examples in which endocrine cells form a new epithelioid structure. In other words, their (X) surface is (lost/retained) compared to organs that simply delaminate from epithelium of origin.

Answer 15

1. Thyroid
2. Ovary

X = apical
Retained
(apical/basal polarity and lumen present)

Question 16

Circumventricular structures of brain, such as (X), are exceptions to general BBB structure. Which type of cap’s are found in these areas? Blood flow is (high/low/same) compared to rest of brain.

Answer 16

X = pineal gland and choroid plexus; post pituitary and median eminence;
Fenestrated cap’s;
Higher

Question 17

Despite presence of fenestrated capillaries in (X), blood does not flow backwards into central brain regions.

Answer 17

X = posterior pituitary

Question 18

Pineal gland releases (X) into (blood/CSF/other) and (X) enters cells via (Y) transporter.

Answer 18

X = melatonin
Blood and CSF;

No transporters needed (highly fat-soluble)

Question 19

Adipocytes release which important endocrine hormones?

Answer 19

1. Leptin

2. Adiponectin

Question 20

T/F: Gene expression, hormone production, and hormonal responsivity all vary in adipocytes, depending on location.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

T/F: Replication potential is greatest in visceral adipose.

Answer 21

False - subcutaneous

Question 22

Obesity: chronic (X) state due to apoptosis of adipocytes. In addition, (high/low) levels of (Y) endocrine hormone adds to this state.

Answer 22

X = inflammatory
Low;
Y = adiponectin

Question 23

(High/low) adiponectin levels in obesity leads to which effects?

Answer 23

Low;

1. Low insulin sensitivity
2. Inflammation
3. High risk atherosclerosis and diabetes

Question 24

Invagination of (X) epithelium forms pouch of Rathke. This is during formation of (Y) structure.

Answer 24

X = pharyngeal (oral);
Y = adenohypophysis

Question 25

Anterior portion of pouch of Rathke eventually becomes (X). And posterior becomes (Y).

Answer 25

X = enlarges to become pars distalis 
Y = thins to become pars intermedia

Question 26

T/F: Pars tuberalis arises from pouch of Rathke.

Answer 26

True - diverticula of pouch grow along infundibulum and fuse to surround it

Question 27

Pituitary attains its adult weight in which stage of life?

Answer 27

Puberty

Question 28

Neurohypophysis begins as (solid/hollow) diverticulum that elongates toward (X). How do the walls change with time?

Answer 28

Hollow;
X = stomodeum

Thicken until cavity obliterated (except upper end, becomes part of 3rd ventricle)

Question 29

The (X) bud in the developing pancreas also originates which other structures?

Answer 29

X = ventral

1. Common bile duct
2. Liver and Gallbladder

Question 30

Pancreas: the duct of (X) is simply the retained (inflow/outflow) tract of (Y) bud.

Answer 30

X = Santorini;
Outflow (into duodenum);
Y = dorsal

Question 31

Pancreas: the duct of (X) drains with common bile duct into (Y) through which structures?

Answer 31

X = Wirsung;
Y = duodenum

Sphincter of Oddi and Ampulla of Vader

Question 32

(X) cells of developing pancreas cycle through production of multiple hormones. The first produced is (Y).

Answer 32

X = pancreatic islet 
Y = gastrin

Question 33

Development of pancreatic islet cells: the cells undergo (X) transition by (gaining/losing) junctional complexes.

Answer 33

X = epithelial-to-mesenchymal

Losing

Question 34

T/F: Gastrin production in healthy pancreas should be in the fetus only.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrom (ZES) refers to (X) tumor in (Y) organ.

Answer 35

X = gastrin-producing
Y = adult pancreas