06a: Female Reproductive System Flashcards
The broad ligament is a double-fold of (X) tissue. List its three divisions.
X = mesentery (peritoneal serosa)
- Mesometrium (of uterus)
- Mesosalpinx (of uterine tube)
- Mesovarium (of ovary)
You’d expect to see ovarian follicles in (cortex/medulla) part of ovary. And loose CT makes up (cortex/medulla). And high vascularization present in (cortex/medulla).
Cortex;
Medulla, medulla
Ovary is covered by (simple/stratified) (X), formally called (Y).
Simple;
X = cuboidal epithelium (a mesothelium)
Y = germinal epithelium
T/F: The ovary’s mesothelium is continuous with that of the peritoneum.
True
The tunica albuginea of the (uterus/ovary) is composed of (X) tissue and lies (in/on/between) which layer(s)?
Ovary;
X = dense CT (a capsule)
Between germinal epithelium and cortex
List the four parts of the oviduct, from distal to proximal.
- Infundibulum
- Ampulla
- Isthmus
- Intramural
T/F: Mucosa of oviduct is pseudostratified and ciliated epithelium.
False - simple columnar epithelium
List the cell types found in mucosa of oviduct. Star the types that are relatively greatest at fimbriated end.
- Ciliated*
- Secretory
- Peg*
T/F: Endometrial epithelium is simple columnar with occasional groups of ciliated cells.
True
The endometrial stroma is fairly (cellular/acellular) and contains (X) fibers.
Cellular;
X = reticular
(X) is the part of the cervix that bulges into vaginal canal.
X = portio vaginalis
Abrupt change in epithelium type of cervix occurs at (X). What types of epithelium are present?
X = external os
Simple columnar (endocervix) and SSNKE (ectocervix)
Deep furrows in mucosa of (endo/ecto)-cervix are formally called:
Endocervix;
Plicae palmatae
The wall of the cervix is (thin/thick) and (similar/different) to rest of uterus in that:
Thick;
Different
80% collagen (type I and II) fibers; few smooth m
(X) follicle: a single layer of flattened (Y) cells surrounds small oocyte. The nucleus is (hetero/eu)-chromatic.
X = primordial Y = follicular
Euchromatic (with prominent nucleolus)
(X) follicle: a single layer of columnar/cuboidal (Y) cells surrounds small oocyte.
X = primary Y = granulosa (the former follicular cells)
(X) follicle: multiple layers of columnar/cuboidal (Y) cells surrounds small oocyte. No significant accumulation of extracellular fluid.
X = pre-antral Y = granulosa
The zona pellucida is a(n) (X)-rich zone secreted by (Y). At which follicular stage does it begin developing?
X = GAG (glycosaminoglycan) Y = oocyte
Primary follicle
In the pre-antral follicle, the oocyte is immediately surrounded by (X), which is immediately surrounded by (Y).
X = zona pellucida Y = granulosa cells
(X) follicle: the theca layers begin to form in (Y). List and briefly describe the theca layers.
X = primary Y = surrounding stroma
- Theca interna (steroidogenic, well-vescularized)
- Theca externa (fibromuscular)
(X) follicle: the granulosa can now be separated into 3 parts. List them.
X = antral
- Mural granulosa (wall lining antral space)
- Cumulus oophorus (pedestal for oocyte)
- Corona radiata (surround oocyte)
To find an atretic follicle, you’d look for (X) among (Y) cells.
X = pyknotic nuclei Y = granulosa
Following collapse of the follicle, what’s the fate of the granulosa cells?
Enlarge and become steroidogenic granulosa lutein cells
Following collapse of the follicle, what’s the fate of the theca interna cells?
Become theca lutein cells, with smaller, more densely-staining morphology
Oocyte versus Ovum.
Oocyte: premature, developing gamete
Ovum: mature, post-meiotic gamete
The primary hormones produced by ovary are:
Estrogens and progesterone
Ovary: (X) hormones promote growth/maturation of F sex organs. (Y) hormones promote formation of F secondary sex characteristic.
X = Y = estrogens
Ovary: (X) hormones prepare uterus for implantation and pregnancy.
X = progesterone
Ovary: (X) hormones prepare mammary glands for lactation.
X = progesterone
T/F: Primary oocytes are formed at puberty.
False - form in developing embryo
At 6 weeks post-fertilization, a small number of (oogonia/oocytes/ova) migrate to (Y) and undergo (mitosis/meiosis).
Oogonia;
Y = genital ridge
Rapid mitosis
By 5 months post-fertilization, there are (X) number of (oogonia/oocytes/ova). What’s their fate over the next few months?
X = 5-6 million
Oocytes;
Become surrounded by follicle and begin first meiotic divison
T/F: Mitosis of oogonia forms oocytes.
True
T/F: By birth, all oocytes have completed only one round of meiosis.
False - arrested at Prophase I
At each cycle, just prior to ovulation, (one/few/all) (primary/secondary) oocytes are stimulated to (start/finish) (mitosis/meiosis) and form (X).
One or a few;
Primary;
Finish meiosis I
X = secondary oocyte AND first polar body
T/F: Following completion of meiosis I, the secondary oocyte immediately begins meiosis II.
True
T/F: Secondary oocyte becomes arrested in prophase II, until triggered by sperm entry.
False - arrested in metaphase II
At ovulation, the (oocyte/ovum) is (haploid/diploid). Has it completed meiosis I/II?
Oocyte;
Diploid;
Completed meiosis I, arrested in metaphase II
As ovarian follicles mature in (cortex/medulla), they migrate toward (X).
Cortex;
X = the medulla
Antral follicle: The (X) cells send processes through (Y) to communicate with the oocyte via (Z).
X = granulosa (of corona radiata) Y = zona pellucida Z = gap junctions
A mid-cycle surge in (X) induces (one/few) oocytes in (Y) follicles to complete meiosis I.
X = LH
One;
Y = Graafian
Once oocyte completes meiosis I, (X) begins. Thus, (Y) cells begin to produce (Z) hormone.
X = luteinization (following the LH surge) Y = granulosa and theca Z = progesterone
The graafian follicle can leave the ovary due to a thin spot, called (X). It was formed by enzymes from (Y), which erode (Z).
X = a stigma Y = granulosa cells Z = tunica albuginea of ovary
When ovulation occurs, what exactly is leaving the ovary?
Oocyte, surrounded by corona radiata and antral fluid
T/F: Ovulation in humans normally occurs over 10-15 hours.
False - 32-36 hours
When ovulation occurs, what exactly is staying in the ovary?
Granulosa and theca cells (that form the corpus luteum)
The corpus luteum secretes (X) hormones, which (stimulates/inhibits) which pituitary hormone(s)?
X = estrogen and progesterone
Inhibit LH and FSH (to prevent new follicle development)
If pregnancy occurs, (X) from (Y) (replaces/maintains) the corpus luteum.
X = hCG Y = placenta
Maintains
T/F: The placenta is the primary source of estrogens and progesterone for the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.
False - the corpus luteum is
If no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum sticks around for (X) days before:
X = 12
Luteal cells autolyse, forming corpus albicans
T/F: Majority of developing follicles make it to antral stage, before degenerating to atretic follicles.
False - degenerate at various stages of development (into atretic follicles)
PCOS is essentially persistent (X) of (Y).
X = anovulation (oocyte not released); Y = Graafian follicles (a form of ovarian cyst)
Oviduct: estrogen stimulates growth of (X) epithelial cells and progesterone that of (Y) epithelial cells.
X = ciliated Y = secretory
T/F: Oviduct epithelium is thicker at time of ovulation than at onset of menstruation.
True
T/F: Prior to reaching the isthmus of oviduct, moving the oocyte/ovum is via beating cilia. At isthmus, this switches to peristalsis.
False - switches to peristalsis in ampulla
(Hypertrophy/hyperplasia) of muscle fibers in wall of (X) allow it to expand up to 100x its nonpregnant size.
Both;
X = uterus myometrium
Endometrium: Stratum basalis nourshed by (X) arteries and stratum functionalis by (Y) arteries. Both arise from (Z) arteries.
X = straight Y = spiral Z = radial (in myometrium)
Endometriosis describes phenomenon when:
Endometrial tissue is present in peritoneal cavity
Standardized menstrual cycle is (X) days long with day 1 being:
X = 28
First day of menstruation
Proliferative stage: technically, days (X). This stage is highly influenced by (Y) from (Z).
X = 5-15 Y = estrogen Z = developing ovarian follicles
Secretory stage: technically, days (X). This stage is highly influenced by (Y) from (Z).
X = 16-28 Y = progesterone Z = corpus luteum
Decidualization of (X) cells begins after day (Y) of menstrual cycle.
X = endometrial stromal Y = 23 (during secretory phase)
Menstrual stage: technically days (X). This stage is highly influenced by (Y) as (Z) (forms/degenerates).
X = 1-4
Y = drop in estrogens and progesterone
Z = corpus luteum
Degenerates
(Straight/spiral) arteries contract during (X) stage of menstrual cycle. Which hormone levels are influencing this?
Spiral;
X = menstrual
Declining progesterone levels
Menstrual cycle: throughout days 1-10 (roughly), (LH/FSH/E/P) hormone(s) is/are significantly higher than the rest.
FSH
Around day 10, when (LH/FSH/E/P) begins to decline, (LH/FSH/E/P) begins to rise. This surge stimulates surge in (LH/FSH/E/P).
FSH;
E;
LH
Toward the end of the (X) stage, there’s a large surge in (LH/FSH/E/P) and a relatively smaller rise in (LH/FSH/E/P).
X = proliferative
E and LH;
FSH
The rise in (LH/FSH/E/P) throughout the secretory stage is significantly higher than the rise in (LH/FSH/E/P).
P; E
List the four phases that cervix goes through during pregnancy.
- Softening
- Ripening
- Dilation
- Repair
Cervix “softening” stage: (increase/decrease) in rate of (X), leading to which changes in matrix?
Increase;
X = collagen turnover
Thinning
Cervix “ripening” stage: most important for (increase/decrease) in rate of (X), leading to which changes in matrix?
Increase;
X = ground substance production
Decrease collagen concentration and increase tissue hydration
Cervix “dilation” stage: correlated with influx of (X), which produce (Y). This leads to which changes in matrix?
X = leukocytes Y = collagenases and proteases
More rapid increase in fluidity of matrix
Vaginal environment has pH of (X). This is due to (formation/breakdown) of (Y) by (Z).
X = 3
Formation of LA (due to breakdown of glycogen);
Z = vaginal bacteria
T/F: Vaginal environment is welcoming and tailored toward sperm survival.
False - acidic and limits time in which sperm can survive there
