06a: Female Reproductive System Flashcards by Nuna H

The broad ligament is a double-fold of (X) tissue. List its three divisions.

X = mesentery (peritoneal serosa)

Mesometrium (of uterus)
Mesosalpinx (of uterine tube)
Mesovarium (of ovary)

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You’d expect to see ovarian follicles in (cortex/medulla) part of ovary. And loose CT makes up (cortex/medulla). And high vascularization present in (cortex/medulla).

Cortex;

Medulla, medulla

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Ovary is covered by (simple/stratified) (X), formally called (Y).

Simple;
X = cuboidal epithelium (a mesothelium)
Y = germinal epithelium

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T/F: The ovary’s mesothelium is continuous with that of the peritoneum.

True

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The tunica albuginea of the (uterus/ovary) is composed of (X) tissue and lies (in/on/between) which layer(s)?

Ovary;
X = dense CT (a capsule)

Between germinal epithelium and cortex

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List the four parts of the oviduct, from distal to proximal.

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intramural

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T/F: Mucosa of oviduct is pseudostratified and ciliated epithelium.

False - simple columnar epithelium

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List the cell types found in mucosa of oviduct. Star the types that are relatively greatest at fimbriated end.

Ciliated*
Secretory
Peg*

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T/F: Endometrial epithelium is simple columnar with occasional groups of ciliated cells.

True

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The endometrial stroma is fairly (cellular/acellular) and contains (X) fibers.

Cellular;

X = reticular

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(X) is the part of the cervix that bulges into vaginal canal.

X = portio vaginalis

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Abrupt change in epithelium type of cervix occurs at (X). What types of epithelium are present?

X = external os

Simple columnar (endocervix) and SSNKE (ectocervix)

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Deep furrows in mucosa of (endo/ecto)-cervix are formally called:

Endocervix;

Plicae palmatae

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The wall of the cervix is (thin/thick) and (similar/different) to rest of uterus in that:

Thick;
Different

80% collagen (type I and II) fibers; few smooth m

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(X) follicle: a single layer of flattened (Y) cells surrounds small oocyte. The nucleus is (hetero/eu)-chromatic.

X = primordial
Y = follicular

Euchromatic (with prominent nucleolus)

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(X) follicle: a single layer of columnar/cuboidal (Y) cells surrounds small oocyte.

X = primary
Y = granulosa (the former follicular cells)

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(X) follicle: multiple layers of columnar/cuboidal (Y) cells surrounds small oocyte. No significant accumulation of extracellular fluid.

X = pre-antral
Y = granulosa

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The zona pellucida is a(n) (X)-rich zone secreted by (Y). At which follicular stage does it begin developing?

X = GAG (glycosaminoglycan)
Y = oocyte

Primary follicle

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In the pre-antral follicle, the oocyte is immediately surrounded by (X), which is immediately surrounded by (Y).

X = zona pellucida
Y = granulosa cells

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(X) follicle: the theca layers begin to form in (Y). List and briefly describe the theca layers.

X = primary
Y = surrounding stroma

Theca interna (steroidogenic, well-vescularized)
Theca externa (fibromuscular)

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(X) follicle: the granulosa can now be separated into 3 parts. List them.

X = antral

Mural granulosa (wall lining antral space)
Cumulus oophorus (pedestal for oocyte)
Corona radiata (surround oocyte)

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To find an atretic follicle, you’d look for (X) among (Y) cells.

X = pyknotic nuclei
Y = granulosa

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Following collapse of the follicle, what’s the fate of the granulosa cells?

Enlarge and become steroidogenic granulosa lutein cells

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Following collapse of the follicle, what’s the fate of the theca interna cells?

Become theca lutein cells, with smaller, more densely-staining morphology

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Oocyte versus Ovum.

Oocyte: premature, developing gamete Ovum: mature, post-meiotic gamete

The primary hormones produced by ovary are:

Estrogens and progesterone

Ovary: (X) hormones promote growth/maturation of F sex organs. (Y) hormones promote formation of F secondary sex characteristic.

X = Y = estrogens

Ovary: (X) hormones prepare uterus for implantation and pregnancy.

X = progesterone

Ovary: (X) hormones prepare mammary glands for lactation.

X = progesterone

T/F: Primary oocytes are formed at puberty.

False - form in developing embryo

At 6 weeks post-fertilization, a small number of (oogonia/oocytes/ova) migrate to (Y) and undergo (mitosis/meiosis).

Oogonia; Y = genital ridge Rapid mitosis

By 5 months post-fertilization, there are (X) number of (oogonia/oocytes/ova). What's their fate over the next few months?

X = 5-6 million Oocytes; Become surrounded by follicle and begin first meiotic divison

T/F: Mitosis of oogonia forms oocytes.

True

T/F: By birth, all oocytes have completed only one round of meiosis.

False - arrested at Prophase I

At each cycle, just prior to ovulation, (one/few/all) (primary/secondary) oocytes are stimulated to (start/finish) (mitosis/meiosis) and form (X).

One or a few; Primary; Finish meiosis I X = secondary oocyte AND first polar body

T/F: Following completion of meiosis I, the secondary oocyte immediately begins meiosis II.

True

T/F: Secondary oocyte becomes arrested in prophase II, until triggered by sperm entry.

False - arrested in metaphase II

At ovulation, the (oocyte/ovum) is (haploid/diploid). Has it completed meiosis I/II?

Oocyte; Diploid; Completed meiosis I, arrested in metaphase II

As ovarian follicles mature in (cortex/medulla), they migrate toward (X).

Cortex; | X = the medulla

Antral follicle: The (X) cells send processes through (Y) to communicate with the oocyte via (Z).

``` X = granulosa (of corona radiata) Y = zona pellucida Z = gap junctions ```

A mid-cycle surge in (X) induces (one/few) oocytes in (Y) follicles to complete meiosis I.

X = LH One; Y = Graafian

Once oocyte completes meiosis I, (X) begins. Thus, (Y) cells begin to produce (Z) hormone.

``` X = luteinization (following the LH surge) Y = granulosa and theca Z = progesterone ```

The graafian follicle can leave the ovary due to a thin spot, called (X). It was formed by enzymes from (Y), which erode (Z).

``` X = a stigma Y = granulosa cells Z = tunica albuginea of ovary ```

When ovulation occurs, what exactly is leaving the ovary?

Oocyte, surrounded by corona radiata and antral fluid

T/F: Ovulation in humans normally occurs over 10-15 hours.

False - 32-36 hours

When ovulation occurs, what exactly is staying in the ovary?

Granulosa and theca cells (that form the corpus luteum)

The corpus luteum secretes (X) hormones, which (stimulates/inhibits) which pituitary hormone(s)?

X = estrogen and progesterone Inhibit LH and FSH (to prevent new follicle development)

If pregnancy occurs, (X) from (Y) (replaces/maintains) the corpus luteum.

``` X = hCG Y = placenta ``` Maintains

T/F: The placenta is the primary source of estrogens and progesterone for the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.

False - the corpus luteum is

If no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum sticks around for (X) days before:

X = 12 Luteal cells autolyse, forming corpus albicans

T/F: Majority of developing follicles make it to antral stage, before degenerating to atretic follicles.

False - degenerate at various stages of development (into atretic follicles)

PCOS is essentially persistent (X) of (Y).

``` X = anovulation (oocyte not released); Y = Graafian follicles (a form of ovarian cyst) ```

Oviduct: estrogen stimulates growth of (X) epithelial cells and progesterone that of (Y) epithelial cells.

``` X = ciliated Y = secretory ```

T/F: Oviduct epithelium is thicker at time of ovulation than at onset of menstruation.

True

T/F: Prior to reaching the isthmus of oviduct, moving the oocyte/ovum is via beating cilia. At isthmus, this switches to peristalsis.

False - switches to peristalsis in ampulla

(Hypertrophy/hyperplasia) of muscle fibers in wall of (X) allow it to expand up to 100x its nonpregnant size.

Both; | X = uterus myometrium

Endometrium: Stratum basalis nourshed by (X) arteries and stratum functionalis by (Y) arteries. Both arise from (Z) arteries.

``` X = straight Y = spiral Z = radial (in myometrium) ```

Endometriosis describes phenomenon when:

Endometrial tissue is present in peritoneal cavity

Standardized menstrual cycle is (X) days long with day 1 being:

X = 28 First day of menstruation

Proliferative stage: technically, days (X). This stage is highly influenced by (Y) from (Z).

``` X = 5-15 Y = estrogen Z = developing ovarian follicles ```

Secretory stage: technically, days (X). This stage is highly influenced by (Y) from (Z).

``` X = 16-28 Y = progesterone Z = corpus luteum ```

Decidualization of (X) cells begins after day (Y) of menstrual cycle.

``` X = endometrial stromal Y = 23 (during secretory phase) ```

Menstrual stage: technically days (X). This stage is highly influenced by (Y) as (Z) (forms/degenerates).

X = 1-4 Y = drop in estrogens and progesterone Z = corpus luteum Degenerates

(Straight/spiral) arteries contract during (X) stage of menstrual cycle. Which hormone levels are influencing this?

Spiral; X = menstrual Declining progesterone levels

Menstrual cycle: throughout days 1-10 (roughly), (LH/FSH/E/P) hormone(s) is/are significantly higher than the rest.

FSH

Around day 10, when (LH/FSH/E/P) begins to decline, (LH/FSH/E/P) begins to rise. This surge stimulates surge in (LH/FSH/E/P).

FSH; E; LH

Toward the end of the (X) stage, there's a large surge in (LH/FSH/E/P) and a relatively smaller rise in (LH/FSH/E/P).

X = proliferative E and LH; FSH

The rise in (LH/FSH/E/P) throughout the secretory stage is significantly higher than the rise in (LH/FSH/E/P).

P; E

List the four phases that cervix goes through during pregnancy.

1. Softening 2. Ripening 3. Dilation 4. Repair

Cervix "softening" stage: (increase/decrease) in rate of (X), leading to which changes in matrix?

Increase; X = collagen turnover Thinning

Cervix "ripening" stage: most important for (increase/decrease) in rate of (X), leading to which changes in matrix?

Increase; X = ground substance production Decrease collagen concentration and increase tissue hydration

Cervix "dilation" stage: correlated with influx of (X), which produce (Y). This leads to which changes in matrix?

``` X = leukocytes Y = collagenases and proteases ``` More rapid increase in fluidity of matrix

Vaginal environment has pH of (X). This is due to (formation/breakdown) of (Y) by (Z).

X = 3 Formation of LA (due to breakdown of glycogen); Z = vaginal bacteria

T/F: Vaginal environment is welcoming and tailored toward sperm survival.

False - acidic and limits time in which sperm can survive there