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Endo/Repro > 06a: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

06a: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The broad ligament is a double-fold of (X) tissue. List its three divisions.

A

X = mesentery (peritoneal serosa)

  1. Mesometrium (of uterus)
  2. Mesosalpinx (of uterine tube)
  3. Mesovarium (of ovary)
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2
Q

You’d expect to see ovarian follicles in (cortex/medulla) part of ovary. And loose CT makes up (cortex/medulla). And high vascularization present in (cortex/medulla).

A

Cortex;

Medulla, medulla

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3
Q

Ovary is covered by (simple/stratified) (X), formally called (Y).

A

Simple;
X = cuboidal epithelium (a mesothelium)
Y = germinal epithelium

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4
Q

T/F: The ovary’s mesothelium is continuous with that of the peritoneum.

A

True

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5
Q

The tunica albuginea of the (uterus/ovary) is composed of (X) tissue and lies (in/on/between) which layer(s)?

A

Ovary;
X = dense CT (a capsule)

Between germinal epithelium and cortex

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6
Q

List the four parts of the oviduct, from distal to proximal.

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Ampulla
  3. Isthmus
  4. Intramural
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7
Q

T/F: Mucosa of oviduct is pseudostratified and ciliated epithelium.

A

False - simple columnar epithelium

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8
Q

List the cell types found in mucosa of oviduct. Star the types that are relatively greatest at fimbriated end.

A
  1. Ciliated*
  2. Secretory
  3. Peg*
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9
Q

T/F: Endometrial epithelium is simple columnar with occasional groups of ciliated cells.

A

True

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10
Q

The endometrial stroma is fairly (cellular/acellular) and contains (X) fibers.

A

Cellular;

X = reticular

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11
Q

(X) is the part of the cervix that bulges into vaginal canal.

A

X = portio vaginalis

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12
Q

Abrupt change in epithelium type of cervix occurs at (X). What types of epithelium are present?

A

X = external os

Simple columnar (endocervix) and SSNKE (ectocervix)

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13
Q

Deep furrows in mucosa of (endo/ecto)-cervix are formally called:

A

Endocervix;

Plicae palmatae

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14
Q

The wall of the cervix is (thin/thick) and (similar/different) to rest of uterus in that:

A

Thick;
Different

80% collagen (type I and II) fibers; few smooth m

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15
Q

(X) follicle: a single layer of flattened (Y) cells surrounds small oocyte. The nucleus is (hetero/eu)-chromatic.

A 
X = primordial
Y = follicular

Euchromatic (with prominent nucleolus)

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16
Q

(X) follicle: a single layer of columnar/cuboidal (Y) cells surrounds small oocyte.

A 
X = primary
Y = granulosa (the former follicular cells)
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17
Q

(X) follicle: multiple layers of columnar/cuboidal (Y) cells surrounds small oocyte. No significant accumulation of extracellular fluid.

A 
X = pre-antral
Y = granulosa
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18
Q

The zona pellucida is a(n) (X)-rich zone secreted by (Y). At which follicular stage does it begin developing?

A 
X = GAG (glycosaminoglycan)
Y = oocyte

Primary follicle

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19
Q

In the pre-antral follicle, the oocyte is immediately surrounded by (X), which is immediately surrounded by (Y).

A 
X = zona pellucida
Y = granulosa cells
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20
Q

(X) follicle: the theca layers begin to form in (Y). List and briefly describe the theca layers.

A 
X = primary
Y = surrounding stroma
  1. Theca interna (steroidogenic, well-vescularized)
  2. Theca externa (fibromuscular)
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21
Q

(X) follicle: the granulosa can now be separated into 3 parts. List them.

A

X = antral

  1. Mural granulosa (wall lining antral space)
  2. Cumulus oophorus (pedestal for oocyte)
  3. Corona radiata (surround oocyte)
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22
Q

To find an atretic follicle, you’d look for (X) among (Y) cells.

A 
X = pyknotic nuclei
Y = granulosa
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23
Q

Following collapse of the follicle, what’s the fate of the granulosa cells?

A

Enlarge and become steroidogenic granulosa lutein cells

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24
Q

Following collapse of the follicle, what’s the fate of the theca interna cells?

A

Become theca lutein cells, with smaller, more densely-staining morphology

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25
Q

Oocyte versus Ovum.

A

Oocyte: premature, developing gamete

Ovum: mature, post-meiotic gamete

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26
Q

The primary hormones produced by ovary are:

A

Estrogens and progesterone

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27
Q

Ovary: (X) hormones promote growth/maturation of F sex organs. (Y) hormones promote formation of F secondary sex characteristic.

A

X = Y = estrogens

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28
Q

Ovary: (X) hormones prepare uterus for implantation and pregnancy.

A

X = progesterone

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29
Q

Ovary: (X) hormones prepare mammary glands for lactation.

A

X = progesterone

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30
Q

T/F: Primary oocytes are formed at puberty.

A

False - form in developing embryo

31
Q

At 6 weeks post-fertilization, a small number of (oogonia/oocytes/ova) migrate to (Y) and undergo (mitosis/meiosis).

A

Oogonia;
Y = genital ridge

Rapid mitosis

32
Q

By 5 months post-fertilization, there are (X) number of (oogonia/oocytes/ova). What’s their fate over the next few months?

A

X = 5-6 million
Oocytes;

Become surrounded by follicle and begin first meiotic divison

33
Q

T/F: Mitosis of oogonia forms oocytes.

A

True

34
Q

T/F: By birth, all oocytes have completed only one round of meiosis.

A

False - arrested at Prophase I

35
Q

At each cycle, just prior to ovulation, (one/few/all) (primary/secondary) oocytes are stimulated to (start/finish) (mitosis/meiosis) and form (X).

A

One or a few;
Primary;
Finish meiosis I

X = secondary oocyte AND first polar body

36
Q

T/F: Following completion of meiosis I, the secondary oocyte immediately begins meiosis II.

A

True

37
Q

T/F: Secondary oocyte becomes arrested in prophase II, until triggered by sperm entry.

A

False - arrested in metaphase II

38
Q

At ovulation, the (oocyte/ovum) is (haploid/diploid). Has it completed meiosis I/II?

A

Oocyte;
Diploid;

Completed meiosis I, arrested in metaphase II

39
Q

As ovarian follicles mature in (cortex/medulla), they migrate toward (X).

A

Cortex;

X = the medulla

40
Q

Antral follicle: The (X) cells send processes through (Y) to communicate with the oocyte via (Z).

A 
X = granulosa (of corona radiata)
Y = zona pellucida
Z = gap junctions
41
Q

A mid-cycle surge in (X) induces (one/few) oocytes in (Y) follicles to complete meiosis I.

A

X = LH
One;
Y = Graafian

42
Q

Once oocyte completes meiosis I, (X) begins. Thus, (Y) cells begin to produce (Z) hormone.

A 
X = luteinization (following the LH surge)
Y = granulosa and theca
Z = progesterone
43
Q

The graafian follicle can leave the ovary due to a thin spot, called (X). It was formed by enzymes from (Y), which erode (Z).

A 
X = a stigma
Y = granulosa cells
Z = tunica albuginea of ovary
44
Q

When ovulation occurs, what exactly is leaving the ovary?

A

Oocyte, surrounded by corona radiata and antral fluid

45
Q

T/F: Ovulation in humans normally occurs over 10-15 hours.

A

False - 32-36 hours

46
Q

When ovulation occurs, what exactly is staying in the ovary?

A

Granulosa and theca cells (that form the corpus luteum)

47
Q

The corpus luteum secretes (X) hormones, which (stimulates/inhibits) which pituitary hormone(s)?

A

X = estrogen and progesterone

Inhibit LH and FSH (to prevent new follicle development)

48
Q

If pregnancy occurs, (X) from (Y) (replaces/maintains) the corpus luteum.

A 
X = hCG
Y = placenta

Maintains

49
Q

T/F: The placenta is the primary source of estrogens and progesterone for the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.

A

False - the corpus luteum is

50
Q

If no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum sticks around for (X) days before:

A

X = 12

Luteal cells autolyse, forming corpus albicans

51
Q

T/F: Majority of developing follicles make it to antral stage, before degenerating to atretic follicles.

A

False - degenerate at various stages of development (into atretic follicles)

52
Q

PCOS is essentially persistent (X) of (Y).

A 
X = anovulation (oocyte not released);
Y = Graafian follicles (a form of ovarian cyst)
53
Q

Oviduct: estrogen stimulates growth of (X) epithelial cells and progesterone that of (Y) epithelial cells.

A 
X = ciliated
Y = secretory
54
Q

T/F: Oviduct epithelium is thicker at time of ovulation than at onset of menstruation.

A

True

55
Q

T/F: Prior to reaching the isthmus of oviduct, moving the oocyte/ovum is via beating cilia. At isthmus, this switches to peristalsis.

A

False - switches to peristalsis in ampulla

56
Q

(Hypertrophy/hyperplasia) of muscle fibers in wall of (X) allow it to expand up to 100x its nonpregnant size.

A

Both;

X = uterus myometrium

57
Q

Endometrium: Stratum basalis nourshed by (X) arteries and stratum functionalis by (Y) arteries. Both arise from (Z) arteries.

A 
X = straight
Y = spiral
Z = radial (in myometrium)
58
Q

Endometriosis describes phenomenon when:

A

Endometrial tissue is present in peritoneal cavity

59
Q

Standardized menstrual cycle is (X) days long with day 1 being:

A

X = 28

First day of menstruation

60
Q

Proliferative stage: technically, days (X). This stage is highly influenced by (Y) from (Z).

A 
X = 5-15
Y = estrogen
Z = developing ovarian follicles
61
Q

Secretory stage: technically, days (X). This stage is highly influenced by (Y) from (Z).

A 
X = 16-28
Y = progesterone
Z = corpus luteum
62
Q

Decidualization of (X) cells begins after day (Y) of menstrual cycle.

A 
X = endometrial stromal
Y = 23 (during secretory phase)
63
Q

Menstrual stage: technically days (X). This stage is highly influenced by (Y) as (Z) (forms/degenerates).

A

X = 1-4
Y = drop in estrogens and progesterone
Z = corpus luteum
Degenerates

64
Q

(Straight/spiral) arteries contract during (X) stage of menstrual cycle. Which hormone levels are influencing this?

A

Spiral;
X = menstrual

Declining progesterone levels

65
Q

Menstrual cycle: throughout days 1-10 (roughly), (LH/FSH/E/P) hormone(s) is/are significantly higher than the rest.

A

FSH

66
Q

Around day 10, when (LH/FSH/E/P) begins to decline, (LH/FSH/E/P) begins to rise. This surge stimulates surge in (LH/FSH/E/P).

A

FSH;
E;
LH

67
Q

Toward the end of the (X) stage, there’s a large surge in (LH/FSH/E/P) and a relatively smaller rise in (LH/FSH/E/P).

A

X = proliferative
E and LH;
FSH

68
Q

The rise in (LH/FSH/E/P) throughout the secretory stage is significantly higher than the rise in (LH/FSH/E/P).

A

P; E

69
Q

List the four phases that cervix goes through during pregnancy.

A
  1. Softening
  2. Ripening
  3. Dilation
  4. Repair
70
Q

Cervix “softening” stage: (increase/decrease) in rate of (X), leading to which changes in matrix?

A

Increase;
X = collagen turnover

Thinning

71
Q

Cervix “ripening” stage: most important for (increase/decrease) in rate of (X), leading to which changes in matrix?

A

Increase;
X = ground substance production

Decrease collagen concentration and increase tissue hydration

72
Q

Cervix “dilation” stage: correlated with influx of (X), which produce (Y). This leads to which changes in matrix?

A 
X = leukocytes
Y = collagenases and proteases

More rapid increase in fluidity of matrix

73
Q

Vaginal environment has pH of (X). This is due to (formation/breakdown) of (Y) by (Z).

A

X = 3
Formation of LA (due to breakdown of glycogen);
Z = vaginal bacteria

74
Q

T/F: Vaginal environment is welcoming and tailored toward sperm survival.

A

False - acidic and limits time in which sperm can survive there

Endo/Repro (15 decks)

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