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Endo/Repro > 06b: Endocrinology of Reproduction > Flashcards

06b: Endocrinology of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

(Constant/pulsatile) levels of GnRH will decrease LH and FSH levels. Normally, GnRH is released in (constant/pulsatile) fashion.

A

Constant (down-regulation of GnRH receptors on gonadotrope);

Pulsatile

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2
Q

LH acts on (X) cells, in general. Specifically which cells of ovary/testes?

A

X = interstitial (steroidogenic)

Leydig and theca cells

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3
Q

FSH acts on (X) cells, in general. Specifically which cells of ovary/testes?

A

X = follicular

Sertoli and granulosa cells

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4
Q

T/F: hCG is functionally equivalent to FSH and LH.

A

False - functionally equivalent to LH (although all three share common alpha subunit)

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5
Q

(FSH/LH/hCG) act via AC, cAMP, PKA signaling.

A

All three (as well as TSH) - remember, share alpha subunit

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6
Q

Estrogens: E1 is (X), E2 is (Y), and E3 is (Z).

A 
X = estrone
Y = estradiol
Z = estriol
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7
Q

Estrogen precursors are made by (X) cells and converted to final products in (Y) cells of ovary.

A 
X = theca
Y = granulosa
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8
Q

FSH (promotes/inhibits) production of estrogens by its action of (X) cells in ovary.

A

Promotes;

X = granulosa

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9
Q

E(1/2/3) is a fetal (X) product..

A

E3 (estriol);

X = adrenal/liver-placental

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10
Q

Early in menstrual cycle, moderate, steady levels of (X) hormone (stimulate/inhibit) (Y) hormone. But its sudden rise has opposite effect.

A

X = E
Inhibit
Y = LH

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11
Q

Both E(1/2/3) and P have which effect on GnRH?

A

E2 and P;

Inhibit GnRH release

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12
Q

In plasma, about (X)% of sex steroids are bound. What are the two main binding proteins for testosterone and E(1/2/3) in males?

A

X = 98
E2;

  1. GBG (gonadal steroid BG)
  2. Albumin
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13
Q

In males, testosterone is primarily bound to (X) in plasma and E2 primarily bound to (Y).

A 
X = GBG (2/3)
Y = Albumin (2/3)

The other 1/3 of each bound to the second binding protein

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14
Q

Progesterone binds (X) in plasma.

A

Albumin and CBG (corticosteroid BG)

In 4:1 ratio

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15
Q

T/F: Testosterone levels in seminiferous tubules is about equal to that in serum.

A

False - 200x greater

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16
Q

(FSH/LH) stimulates inhibin production by (X) cells. Inhibins act to (increase/decrease) (Y) release from pituitary.

A

FSH;
X = Sertoli and granulosa
Decrease;
Y = FSH

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17
Q

Inhibin (A/B) is produced in the male and in (X) phase in the female. Inhibin (A/B) is characteristic of (Y) phase in F.

A

B;
X = follicular
A;
Y = luteal

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18
Q

T/F: Inhibins are sex hormones.

A

False - peptide hormones

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19
Q

What defines genetic sex?

A

Karyotype (XX or XY)

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20
Q

What defines gonadal sex?

A

Internal genitalia (testis/ovary)

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21
Q

What defines phenotypic sex?

A

Genital ducts, external genitalia, secondary sex characteristics

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22
Q

XYY karyotype is (X) syndrome. List some characteristics of this individual.

A

X = Jacobs or “super male”

Seemingly normal male; potentially has excess acne, tall, aggressive

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23
Q

XXY karyotype is (X) syndrome. List some characteristics of this individual.

A

X = Klinefelter’s

  1. Male genitalia
  2. High FSH, LH, E2, but low T
  3. Sterile, feminine, mental retardation
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24
Q

XXX karyotype is (X) syndrome. List some characteristics of this individual.

A

X = Triple X

Female showing no unusual abnormalities

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25
Q

In males, (X) supports differentiation of Wolffian ducts to:

A

X = testosterone (from Leydig cells)

Epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct

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26
Q

In males, (X) induces development of prostate as well as:

A

X = (Testosterone via) DHT

Urethra, penis, scrotum

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27
Q

In the (start/end) of (X) trimester, male T synthesized at near-adult levels. Why?

A

End;
X = first

Differentiation of internal and external genitalia

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28
Q

After birth, T level remains quite (low/high) in male until (X). “Resetting the gonadostat” involves (increase/decrease) in hypothalamus sensitivity to (Y).

A

Low;
X = puberty
Decrease;
Y = T inhibition

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29
Q

T/F: T levels reach maximum at puberty.

A

False - in mid/late 20s (then fall gradually)

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30
Q

List the three defining features of female puberty, in order of appearance.

A
  1. Thelarche (breast development)
  2. Pubarche (axillary/pubic hair)
  3. Menarche (first menstrual period)
31
Q

Post-menopausal (FSH/LH/E/P) levels are high due to (X) lack of ability to produce adequate (Y).

A

FSH and LH
X = ovary
Y = E and inhibin

32
Q

(X) hormones are responsible for early stages of pubic/axillary hair growth.

A

X = adrenal androgens

33
Q

Testosterone inhibits which hypo/pituitary hormones?

A

LH and GnRH

34
Q

Adult sex drive (libido) in M due to (X) hormone and F due to (Y) hormone.

A

X = Y = testosterone

35
Q

Testosterone (increase/decreases) erythropoeisis and (increase/decreases) cholesterol levels.

A

Increases both

36
Q

Passage through epididymis takes sperm how long?

A

about 12 days

37
Q

T/F: F has most number of oocytes at birth.

A

False - at 20 wk gestation (6-7 million) and reduced at birth (1-2 million)

38
Q

Menstrual cycle: progesterone secretion/rise is coming from (X).

A

X = corpus lutem

Thus, progesterone levels only start rising after ovulation

39
Q

During (X) stage of ovulation, high Inhibin A secretion has which function?

A

X = luteal

Inhibit FSH (don’t want no mo’ oocytes!)

40
Q

The “follicular” phase of menstrual cycle encompasses which range of day(s)? Which stage(s) correspond(s) to this phase in uterine cycle?

A

1-14;

Menstrual and proliferative phases of uterine cycle

41
Q

As soon as ovulation occurs, (X) uterine phase and (Y) ovarian phase begin.

A 
X = secretory
Y = luteal
42
Q

F basal body T increases in (X) ovarian phase, under influence of (Y) hormone.

A 
X = luteal
Y = progesterone
43
Q

Thinning of cervical mucous occurs due to (high/low) levels of (X) hormone.

A

High

X = estradiol

44
Q

Ovarian hormones: what’s the main form of estrogen released by (X) cells.

A

X = granulosa

17-b-estradiol

45
Q

Estrogen acts on liver to (increase/decrease) (HDL/LDL) synthesis.

A

Increase HDL and decrease LDL

46
Q

Progesterone has (X) effect on breast development and (Y) effect on cervix.

A 
X = stimulates glandular growth
Y = mucous thickening
47
Q

Preventing pre-term delivery involves strong (stimulation/inhibition) of (X) contraction. Which hormone is key player in this?

A

Inhibition;
X = myometrial

Progesterone

48
Q

At birth, the pool of (primary oocytes/secondary oocytes/oogonia) are (1/2)n(1/2)x.

A

Primary oocytes;

2n2x (arrested in prophase I)

49
Q

Ovary: Rising (X) levels causes (increase/decrease) in (Y) levels. This is what prompts one follicle to become dominant, while the others undergo atresia.

A

X = Inhibin B
Decrease (inhibition);
Y = FSH

50
Q

There’s a positive feedback look in (X) phase of ovulation. Which hormones/cells are involved?

A

X = late follicular

Estrogen-induced follicular cell growth results in rapidly rising estrogen levels; also increases GnRH receptors, so more LH production

51
Q

T/F: Declining levels of estrogen in proliferative phase induces progesterone receptors to appear on endo and myometrial cells.

A

False - rising estrogen levels

52
Q

T/F: It’s recommended to have long abstinence periods to save up sperm/ejaculate and increase chance of conception.

A

False - long abstinence periods associated with higher sperm counts, but lower motility

53
Q

How often, after menstrual period, should couple aim to have intercourse to increase chances of conception?

A

Every day or every other day

54
Q

List the three changes sperm undergoes in F reproductive tract for successful fertilization.

A
  1. Capacitation
  2. Hyperactivation (chemotactic agent from egg excites sperm)
  3. Acrosome Rxn
55
Q

Acrosome reaction occurs when sperm contacts (X). What’s the function of this step in fertilization?

A

X = zona pellucida

Release of lytic enzymes from acrosome, required for penetration

56
Q

Pinopodes are “embryo landing sites” that are expressed in higher amounts in response to (X) hormone.

A

X = progesterone

57
Q

Post-fertilization: (X) form finger-like projections called (Y) into the endometrium. This allows development of extensive (Z).

A 
X = syncytiotrophoblasts
Y = chorionic villi
Z = capillaries (linked to embryo circulatory system)
58
Q

Diagnosis of pregnancy made by (urine/blood/stool) testing of (X). Where does (X) come from anyway?

A

Urine or blood;
X = hCG

Embryo trophoblast cells (immediately following invasion into endometrium)

59
Q

hCG secretion starts (X) days/weeks/months post-fertilization. And gestational sac seen on ultrasound by (Y) days/weeks/months.

A 
X = 7 days
Y = 5 weeks
60
Q

T/F: hCG spikes in first month of pregnancy and remains elevated until about 3rd trimester.

A

False - peaks around 2 mo GA, then falls rapidly to low, near-constant level

61
Q

The luteo-placental transition occurs at (X) gestational age. List the three key hormones that rise consistently, starting at this time.

A

X = 6-10 weeks

  1. Placental progest.
  2. Fetal/placental E2/E3
  3. Placental lactogen
62
Q

Women (should/shouldn’t) be lactating during pregnancy, due to action of (X) hormone.

A

Shouldn’t;

X = progesterone (inhibits milk production)

63
Q

RU-486 (mifepristone) is an abortion drug. It acts as (stimulator/inhibitor) of (X) and is administered with (Y).

A

(Non-activating) competitive inhibitor
X = progesterone
Y = prostaglandin

Thus causes uterine contraction during pregnancy

64
Q

Placental lactogen is similar to (X) hormone. What are its effects on CHO, fat, protein?

A

X = GH

CHO: promotes high glucose level (nourish fetus)
Fat: mobilizes FA for E
Protein: maintains positive balance

65
Q

T/F: Placental lactogen induces gestational diabetes.

A

True- diabetogenic

66
Q

Current hypotheses about triggers for birth: increase in (X) and/or decrease in (Y).

A

X = fetal adrenal activity (high DHEA, high Estrogen synthesis;

Y = progesterone efficacy (more contractile uterus)

67
Q

Maternal pituitary volume (increases/decreases) in line with gestational age.

A

Increases

68
Q

Pregnancy: plasma volume (increases/decreases) and (proportionate/disproportionate) (increase/decrease) in RBC mass.

A

Increase in both, but disproportionate (less RBC increase); relative ANEMIA of pregnancy

69
Q

Pregnancy: (hypo/hyper)-coagulable state.

A

Hyper-coagulable

70
Q

Pregnancy: (increase/decrease) contraction of gastric/bowel motility with (increase/decrease) reflux and (diarrhea/constipation).

A

Decrease;
Increase;
Constipation

71
Q

Pregnancy: (increase/decrease) CO, HR, TPR.

A

Increase CO and HR; decrease TPR (and BP)

72
Q

T/F: Increase GFR during pregnancy contributes to high urine output.

A

True - along with increase pressure on bladder

73
Q

T/F: Prior to pregnancy, no alveoli (only ducts) exist in breast.

A

False - ducts with few alveoli

Endo/Repro (15 decks)

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