04a: Pancreas Flashcards
Body’s fuel sources. List them and star the largest/most efficient.
- Fat*
- CHO (Glycogen)
- Protein
T/F: Most tissues possess enzymatic apparatus to form free glucose from glycogen.
False - really only liver
T/F: Protein synthesis from AA occurs in all tissues.
True
Most AA released during protein breakdown are used for:
Gluconeogenesis (via liver)
T/F: Brain normally uses more Kcal/day than muscle.
False
T/F: Following meal, fuels used by muscle and liver vary, depending on meal’s composition.
True
T/F: During fed state, insulin and glucagon mediate many of the anabolic processes throughout the body.
True, but glucagon ONLY for processes in liver
Fed CHO state: what’s the liver doing with the glucose?
- E
2. Glycogen, protein, TAG synthesis
Fed CHO state: what’s the muscle doing with the glucose?
- E
2. Glycogen, protein synthesis
Fed CHO state: what’s the adipose doing with the glucose?
- E
2. TAG, protein synthesis
Fed protein state: the meal stimulates (insulin/glucagon) production and blood glucose levels (rise/fall/don’t change)
Both;
Glucagon prevents blood glucose from falling (due to insulin) since meal doesn’t have CHO
T/F: Brain gets no new E after a pure protein meal.
False - via gluconeogenesis in liver (from AA)
T/F: Muscle FA uptake increases during post-absorptive state.
True - taken from lipolysis; used for fuel
T/F: In brief starvation (3 days), muscle glycogen stores are deplete, but liver’s are not.
False - both deplete!
Muscle during brief starvation (3 days) (increases/decreases) use of FA for fuel. It also has increasing dependence on (X) fuel source from liver.
Decreases;
X = ketone bodies
In (brief/prolonged) starvation, muscle switches from (X) to (Y) utilization. (X) needs to be conserved for:
Prolonged;
X = ketone bodies
Y = FA
Brain
Exercising muscle: initially, (circulating/local)
(X) used as fuel. Then, switch to (circulating/local) (Y).
Local;
X = glycogen and TAG
Circulating
Y = FA
T/F: During severe exercise, muscles become increasingly dependent on FA.
False - glucose (more glucose-dependent fibers are recruited)
Exercise: the muscle’s recovery involves accelerated repletion of (X). Why is this high priority?
X = glycogen
So muscle is ready for any renewed demands
Exercise: during recovery, the muscle has enhanced sensitivity to which hormone? Why is this important?
Insulin (further promotes glucose uptake/glycogen formation)
Most, (X)%, of the pancreatic islet is composed of (A/B/D) cells, producing (Y).
X = 60
B
Y = insulin
(A/B/D) cells are primarily found in the center of the pancreatic islet. And (A/B/D) cells around the periphery. Which direction does blood flow?
B (insulin-secreting);
A (glucagon-secreting);
From center outwards
T/F: Blood flow through islet of Langerhans allows paracrine control of insulin by A (glucagon) cells.
False - vice versa
mRNA for insulin is translated initially into (X). Where does (X) go?
X = pre-proinsulin
Targeted (via pre- sequence) to ER
