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Endo/Repro > 01c: Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis > Flashcards

01c: Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis Flashcards

1
Q

List the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary, formally called the (X).

A

X = neurohypophysis

ADH and oxytocin

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2
Q

The infundibular stalk is part of (neuro/adeno)-hypophysis and is directly connected to pars (X).

A

Neurohypophysis;

X = nervosa

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3
Q

(Ant/post) to pars nervosa are the pars (X) and pars (Y). Star the one(s) belonging to adenohypophysis.

A

Ant;
X = intermedia*
Y = distalis*

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4
Q

Surrounding the infundibulum is the pars (X), which is part of (neuro/adeno)-hypophysis.

A

X = tuberalis;

Adenohypophysis

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5
Q

The pituitary develops embryonically from which two different (ecto/endo)-dermal regions?

A

Ectodermal;

Roof of mouth and floor of brian

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6
Q

The infundibulum is connected to the brain by a small elevation called:

A

the median eminance

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7
Q

Neurohypophysis forms embryonically from which region of (ecto/endo)-derm?

A

Ectoderm;

Floor of brain

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8
Q

Adenohypophysis forms embryonically from which region of (ecto/endo)-derm?

A

Ectoderm;

Roof of mouth

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9
Q

The capillary plexus in the post pit is supplied by which artery(ies)?

A

Inferior hypophyseal

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10
Q

(X) is the stimulus for post pit to release contents of neurosecretory granules, which are stored in (Y).

A 
X = nerve impulses (from hypothalamus)
Y = nerve terminals
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11
Q

T/F: In post pit, a simple pair of cells performs hormone synthesis, storage, and release.

A

False - a SINGLE cell does all that (cell body in hypo, axon terminals in post pit)

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12
Q

Stimuli that regulate ant pit secretion comes directly from (neurons/blood).

A

Blood-borne stimuli (synthesized in hypo)

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13
Q

Hypothalamic neurons synthesize (releasing/inhibiting) hormones that control ant pit. They are stored in (X), near (Y).

A

Both;
X = Median eminance
Y = superior hypophyseal artery’s capillary plexus

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14
Q

Stimulating/inhibiting hormones to ant pit are released into (X), travel via (Y), and exit from (Z) to reach their specific target cells.

A 
X = first capillary plexus (from superior hypophyseal a)
Y = portal vein
Z = secondary cap plexus
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15
Q

T/F: The ant pit secretes its hormones into the same cap plexus that its stim/inhib factors come from.

A

True

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16
Q

ADH originates primarily in (X) nuclei and its target cells are (Y).

A 
X = supraoptic;
Y = renal
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17
Q

(Excess/deficiency) of (X) pituitary hormone leads to diabetes insipidus.

A

Deficiency;

X = ADH

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18
Q

Oxytocin originates primarily in (X) nuclei and its primary role is to (Y) via which mechanism?

A 
X = paraventricular
Y = eject milk from lactating mammary glands

Contraction of myoepithelial cells of gland

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19
Q

Suckling by infant is detected by (X) receptors and is the major stimulus for (Y) hormone release.

A 
X = nipple's sensory 
Y = oxytocin
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20
Q

(X) hormone has powerful action on (smooth/skeletal) muscle of uterus during labor. The primary stimulus for (X) release is (Y) and (X) enhances uterine (relaxation/contraction).

A

X = oxytocin;
Smooth;
Y = dilation of cervix
Contraction

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21
Q

T/F: Oxytocin effect on uterine contraction is example of positive-feedback loop.

A

True

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22
Q

Low ADH levels is sensed by (X) receptors of (Y) cells that then connect to ADH nerve cells.

A 
X = osmo-
Y = neurons
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23
Q

(X) is the most abundant of the pituitary hormones, with normal plasma basal concentration of (Y).

A 
X = Growth Hormone;
Y = 5 ng/mL
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24
Q

T/F: All actions of growth hormone are insulin-like.

A

False - depends on tissue

25
Q

The growth-promoting actions of GH on (X) tissues are (similar/opposite) to insulin.

A

X = muscle and skeleton

Similar

26
Q

The long-term actions of GH on (X) processes are (similar/opposite) to insulin.

A

X = CHO, lipid, AA metabolism

Opposite

27
Q

The two key cell types targeted by GH are (X) and (Y). Star the one that releases somatomedins, i.e. (Z).

A 
X = chondrocytes
Y = hepatocytes*
Z = IGF-I
28
Q

(X) hormone, released by (Y), is the major hormone responsible for lactogenesis.

A 
X = prolactin
Y = ant pit
29
Q

Specifically, prolactin (stimulates/inhibits) synthesis of (X) in (Y).

A 
X = casein and lactalbumin
Y = mammary glands
30
Q

Thanks to (X), (GH/prolactin) is tonically (stimulated/inhibited).

A

X = dopamine
Prolactin;
Inhibited

31
Q

T/F: Stress and exercise are associated with decreased circulating prolactin levels.

A

False - increased

32
Q

(GH/Prolactin) regulates a secondary endocrine gland. Receptors for (GH/Prolactin) are found in (X) endocrine gland.

A

Neither;
Both;
X = adrenal cortex

33
Q

T/F: In supportive role with estrogen, prolactin stimulates breast development.

A

True

34
Q

Galactorrhea, aka (X), is indicative of (excess/deficiency) in (Y) hormone.

A

X = milk discharge from nipple
Excess;
Y = prolactin

35
Q

(Excess/deficiency) in prolactin levels leads to suppression of ovulation. What’s the mechanism of this?

A

Excess;

Inhibits GnRH secretion

36
Q

(X) are the pituitary glycoprotein hormones, which share common (Y) structure of (2/4/6) subunits.

A

X = FSH, LH, TSH
Y = quaternary
2 (alpha and beta)

37
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor released from (X). Which two key hormones are derived from POMC?

A

X = ant pit

  1. ACTH
  2. Beta-lipotropin
38
Q

Key function of ACTH.

A

Stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis

39
Q

Key function of beta-lipotropin hormone.

A

Stimulates melanin synthesis in melanocytes

40
Q

TSH stimulates (X) cells to carry out which function(s)?

A

X = thyroid

Trap iodide, synthesize and secrete thyroid hormones

41
Q

Prolactin is unique among those of the anterior pituitary because:

A

Its secretion increases (rather than decreases) when vascular connection between pit and hypo is interrupted (DA doesn’t inhibit)

42
Q

T/F: Secretion of some ant pit hormones are influenced by more than one hypothalamic releasing hormones.

A

True (i.e. GH and prolactin)

43
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is also called (X). It’s released by (Y) and functions to:

A 
X = LHRH
Y = hypothalamus

Stimulate LH and FSH secretion

44
Q

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) is released from (X) and functions to (Y).

A 
X = hypothalamus
Y = stimulate GH synthesis/release from ant pituitary
45
Q

Somatostatin is released from (Hypo/Ant Pit) and functions to (X).

A

Hypothalamus;
X = inhibit GH synthesis/release from ant pituitary

(also called GHIH)

46
Q

T/F: GHRH and Somatostatin are only released from the hypothalamus.

A

False - somatostatin also released from D-cells

47
Q

Thyrotropin Released Hormone (TRH) is released from (X) and functions to (Y).

A 
X = hypothalamus
Y = stimulate synthesis/secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin
48
Q

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF) is released from (X) and functions to (Y).

A 
X = hypothalamus
Y = tonically inhibit prolactin secretion

*likely the NT dopamine

49
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released from (X) and functions to (Y).

A 
X = hypothalamus
Y = stimulate ACTH synthesis/release from ant pit
50
Q

Long-loop negative feed back refers to the phenomenon when (X) has (stimulatory/inhibitory) effect on:

A

X = hormone 3 (released from peripheral gland)
Inhibitory;

  1. Pituitary (making it less responsive to releasing factor from hypo)
  2. Hypothalamus (reduce AP frequency)
51
Q

Short-loop negative feed back refers to the phenomenon when (X) has (stimulatory/inhibitory) effect on:

A

X = hormone 2 (released from anterior pituitary)
Inhibitory;
Hypothalamus

52
Q

List the 3 major categories of endocrine disorders.

A
  1. Hyposecretion
  2. Hypersecretion
  3. Hypo-responsiveness
53
Q

A dysfunctional endocrine gland secreting too much hormone is example of (primary/secondary) (X) category of endocrine disorders.

A

Primary;

X = hypersecretion

54
Q

A functional endocrine gland receiving too little tropic hormone from (X) is example of (primary/secondary) (Y) category of endocrine disorders.

A

X = pituitary
Secondary;
Y = hyposecretion

55
Q

Categorize the endocrine disorder: Testosterone secreted normally with normal receptors on target cells. Lack of enzyme (5-a-reductase) to metabolize testosterone.

A

Hypo-responsiveness category; specifically, lack of metabolic activation of hormone

56
Q

Categorize the endocrine disorder: Insulin produced normally, but few insulin receptors exist.

A

Hypo-responsiveness category; specifically, lack/deficiency of receptors for the hormone

57
Q

Categorize the endocrine disorder: Hyposecretion of TH due to low TSH by pituitary.

A

Secondary hyposecretion

58
Q

Categorize the endocrine disorder: Tumor of thyroid gland secretes too much (X).

A

X = TH;

Primary hypersecretion

59
Q

Categorize the endocrine disorder: normal receptor, but (when activated) can’t form cAMP second messenger.

A

Hypo-responsiveness; specifically, post-receptor defect in target cell

Endo/Repro (15 decks)

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