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EPPP B2: Lifespan Development > 07_Family and Peers > Flashcards

07_Family and Peers Flashcards

1
Q

Predictors of Divorce: Women

A

Marry at young age

Have child before or within seven months of marriage

Lower level of education

Cohabitate with partner prior to marriage

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2
Q

Gottman and Levenson:

Two patterns predictive of divorce

A

Volatile attack-defend
(earlier divorce)

Inexpressive
(later divorce)

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3
Q

Characteristics of custodial mothers following divorce

A

Less warm and loving toward children

Less consistent and more authoritarian punishment

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4
Q

Effects of divorce on children:

Most profound period

A

First year after divorce

Specific consequences are related to age and gender

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5
Q

Effects of divorce on children:

Age

A

Most initial problems: Preschoolers

Most enduring problems: 6-8 years old

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6
Q

Effects of divorce on children:

Gender

A

Males: worse immediate consequences

Females: “sleeper effect”

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7
Q

Effects of divorce on children:

Sleeper Effect

A

Female children don’t show serious problems initially

Develop problems in adolescence

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8
Q

Effects of divorce on children:

Largest risk factor

A

Parental Conflict

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9
Q

Effects of divorce on children:

Remarriage

A

More difficult for older children and adolescents

Preadolescent boys may benefit from presence of stepfather

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10
Q

Overall descriptor of relationship between stepfathers and stepchildren

A

Disengaged

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11
Q

Maternal employment:

Cost-benefit ratio

A

Overall, benefits of maternal employment outweigh costs

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12
Q

Effects of Maternal Employment:

Benefits

A

Children exhibit more egalitarian gender-role concepts

Lower SES sons of working mothers exhibit improved cognitive development

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13
Q

Effects of Maternal Employment:

Higher SES sons

A

Lower scores on achievement and IQ tests

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14
Q

Effects of Maternal Employment:

Negative outcomes

A

Boys exhibit lower school achievement, behavioral problems, increased mother-child conflict when combined with low parental supervision and monitoring

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15
Q

Effects of Maternal Employment:

Protective factor

A

When both parents have a positive attitude toward maternal employment

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16
Q

Effects of daycare

A

High quality daycare does not have a detrimental impact

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17
Q

Child sexual abuse:

Familiarity of perpetrator

A

Effects are less severe when abuse is committed by a stranger

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18
Q

Child sexual abuse:

Gender

A

Females at higher risk

Outcome research is inconsistent

When differences are found, outcomes are worse for females

19
Q

Child maltreatment: Child risk factors

A

Premature birth

Low birth weight

Difficult temperament

Chronic illness/disability

20
Q

Children at highest risk for physical abuse

A

Children under three years old

21
Q

Children at highest risk for sexual abuse

A

Preteens and teens

22
Q

Child Maltreatment:

Parent characteristics

A

History of maltreatment of the child

Alcohol/drug abuse

Psychopathology

Harsh discipline

Unreasonable expectations

Low education level

Younger age (under 30)

Poor impulse control

23
Q

Child Maltreatment:

Family Characteristics

A

Poverty

Unemployment

Social isolation

Marital instability

Domestic violence

Lack of access to medical care/social services

Crowded living conditions

24
Q

Sibling Relationships:

Early childhood

A

Prosocial, play oriented behaviors

25
Q

Sibling Relationships:

Middle childhood

A

Combination of closeness/conflict and cooperation is less competition

26
Q

Sibling Relationships:

Factors that increase sibling rivalry

A

Same gender

1 to 3 years apart in age

Parents who provide inconsistent discipline

27
Q

Sibling Relationships:

Adolescence

A

Spend less time together

Relationship becomes less emotionally intense and more distant

Friction usually declines

28
Q

Sibling Relationships:

Close relation in childhood

A

Likely to become even closer in old age

29
Q

Dramatic (imaginative) play:

Develops cognitive abilities related to…

A

Symbolizing

Imitation

Problem solving

30
Q

Nonsocial Play

A

Unoccupied play

Onlooker play

Solitary play

31
Q

Social Play

A

Parallel play

Associative play

Cooperative play

32
Q

Social Support:

Buffering Hypothesis

A

Subjective perception of social support is more critical than actual support for reducing loneliness and stress

33
Q

Number of adult close friends needed to ensure emotional well-being

A

One

34
Q

Rejected Children:

Effect of changing social groups

A

Less likely to experience improvement in peer status

35
Q

Neglected Children:

Attitude toward being alone

A

Being alone is desirable

They do not report being particularly lonely or unhappy

36
Q

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory:

Two primary functions of social goals

A

Acquisition of knowledge

Regulation of emotion

37
Q

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory:

Preferences of older adults who view time as limited

A

Emotionally close social partners

Greater partner selectivity

Reduced number of social partners

38
Q

Age at which peer pressure to conform is highest

A

14-15yo

Most responsive to all types of peer influence:
neutral, positive and negative

39
Q

True or False?

Peer influence during adolescence is generally stronger for prosocial behaviors than antisocial ones

A

True

40
Q

Subjects of Peer Influence

A

Music

clothing

social activities

41
Q

Subjects of Parental Influence

A

Basic beliefs and values

Educational and career goals

42
Q

Factors that influence higher levels of marital satisfaction

A

Similarity in age, SES, Education, Religion

Marrying after each 23

Dating for the six months prior to marriage

Waiting at least one year after marriage to have children

43
Q

Empty Nest Syndrome

A

Marital satisfaction increases

*Related to increased QUALITY of interactions, not more time

44
Q

True or False?

Research has established a strong connection between marital duration and marital satisfaction

A

False

EPPP B2: Lifespan Development (10 decks)

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