07_Family and Peers Flashcards by Nikos Rebetis

Predictors of Divorce: Women

Marry at young age

Have child before or within seven months of marriage

Lower level of education

Cohabitate with partner prior to marriage

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Gottman and Levenson:

Two patterns predictive of divorce

Volatile attack-defend
(earlier divorce)

Inexpressive
(later divorce)

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Characteristics of custodial mothers following divorce

Less warm and loving toward children

Less consistent and more authoritarian punishment

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Effects of divorce on children:

Most profound period

First year after divorce

Specific consequences are related to age and gender

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Effects of divorce on children:

Age

Most initial problems: Preschoolers

Most enduring problems: 6-8 years old

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Effects of divorce on children:

Gender

Males: worse immediate consequences

Females: “sleeper effect”

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Effects of divorce on children:

Sleeper Effect

Female children don’t show serious problems initially

Develop problems in adolescence

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Effects of divorce on children:

Largest risk factor

Parental Conflict

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Effects of divorce on children:

Remarriage

More difficult for older children and adolescents

Preadolescent boys may benefit from presence of stepfather

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Overall descriptor of relationship between stepfathers and stepchildren

Disengaged

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Maternal employment:

Cost-benefit ratio

Overall, benefits of maternal employment outweigh costs

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Effects of Maternal Employment:

Benefits

Children exhibit more egalitarian gender-role concepts

Lower SES sons of working mothers exhibit improved cognitive development

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Effects of Maternal Employment:

Higher SES sons

Lower scores on achievement and IQ tests

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Effects of Maternal Employment:

Negative outcomes

Boys exhibit lower school achievement, behavioral problems, increased mother-child conflict when combined with low parental supervision and monitoring

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Effects of Maternal Employment:

Protective factor

When both parents have a positive attitude toward maternal employment

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Effects of daycare

High quality daycare does not have a detrimental impact

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Child sexual abuse:

Familiarity of perpetrator

Effects are less severe when abuse is committed by a stranger

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Child sexual abuse:

Gender

Females at higher risk

Outcome research is inconsistent

When differences are found, outcomes are worse for females

Child maltreatment: Child risk factors

Premature birth

Low birth weight

Difficult temperament

Chronic illness/disability

Children at highest risk for physical abuse

Children under three years old

Children at highest risk for sexual abuse

Preteens and teens

Child Maltreatment:

Parent characteristics

History of maltreatment of the child

Alcohol/drug abuse

Psychopathology

Harsh discipline

Unreasonable expectations

Low education level

Younger age (under 30)

Poor impulse control

Child Maltreatment:

Family Characteristics

Poverty

Unemployment

Social isolation

Marital instability

Domestic violence

Lack of access to medical care/social services

Crowded living conditions

Sibling Relationships:

Early childhood

Prosocial, play oriented behaviors

Sibling Relationships: Middle childhood

Combination of closeness/conflict and cooperation is less competition

Sibling Relationships: Factors that increase sibling rivalry

Same gender 1 to 3 years apart in age Parents who provide inconsistent discipline

Sibling Relationships: Adolescence

Spend less time together Relationship becomes less emotionally intense and more distant Friction usually declines

Sibling Relationships: Close relation in childhood

Likely to become even closer in old age

Dramatic (imaginative) play: Develops cognitive abilities related to...

Symbolizing Imitation Problem solving

Nonsocial Play

Unoccupied play Onlooker play Solitary play

Social Play

Parallel play Associative play Cooperative play

Social Support: Buffering Hypothesis

Subjective perception of social support is more critical than actual support for reducing loneliness and stress

Number of adult close friends needed to ensure emotional well-being

One

Rejected Children: Effect of changing social groups

Less likely to experience improvement in peer status

Neglected Children: Attitude toward being alone

Being alone is desirable They do not report being particularly lonely or unhappy

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: Two primary functions of social goals

Acquisition of knowledge Regulation of emotion

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: Preferences of older adults who view time as limited

Emotionally close social partners Greater partner selectivity Reduced number of social partners

Age at which peer pressure to conform is highest

14-15yo Most responsive to all types of peer influence: neutral, positive and negative

True or False? Peer influence during adolescence is generally stronger for prosocial behaviors than antisocial ones

True

Subjects of Peer Influence

Music clothing social activities

Subjects of Parental Influence

Basic beliefs and values Educational and career goals

Factors that influence higher levels of marital satisfaction

Similarity in age, SES, Education, Religion Marrying after each 23 Dating for the six months prior to marriage Waiting at least one year after marriage to have children

Empty Nest Syndrome

Marital satisfaction increases *Related to increased QUALITY of interactions, not more time

True or False? Research has established a strong connection between marital duration and marital satisfaction

False