07_Family and Peers Flashcards
Predictors of Divorce: Women
Marry at young age
Have child before or within seven months of marriage
Lower level of education
Cohabitate with partner prior to marriage
Gottman and Levenson:
Two patterns predictive of divorce
Volatile attack-defend
(earlier divorce)
Inexpressive
(later divorce)
Characteristics of custodial mothers following divorce
Less warm and loving toward children
Less consistent and more authoritarian punishment
Effects of divorce on children:
Most profound period
First year after divorce
Specific consequences are related to age and gender
Effects of divorce on children:
Age
Most initial problems: Preschoolers
Most enduring problems: 6-8 years old
Effects of divorce on children:
Gender
Males: worse immediate consequences
Females: “sleeper effect”
Effects of divorce on children:
Sleeper Effect
Female children don’t show serious problems initially
Develop problems in adolescence
Effects of divorce on children:
Largest risk factor
Parental Conflict
Effects of divorce on children:
Remarriage
More difficult for older children and adolescents
Preadolescent boys may benefit from presence of stepfather
Overall descriptor of relationship between stepfathers and stepchildren
Disengaged
Maternal employment:
Cost-benefit ratio
Overall, benefits of maternal employment outweigh costs
Effects of Maternal Employment:
Benefits
Children exhibit more egalitarian gender-role concepts
Lower SES sons of working mothers exhibit improved cognitive development
Effects of Maternal Employment:
Higher SES sons
Lower scores on achievement and IQ tests
Effects of Maternal Employment:
Negative outcomes
Boys exhibit lower school achievement, behavioral problems, increased mother-child conflict when combined with low parental supervision and monitoring
Effects of Maternal Employment:
Protective factor
When both parents have a positive attitude toward maternal employment
Effects of daycare
High quality daycare does not have a detrimental impact
Child sexual abuse:
Familiarity of perpetrator
Effects are less severe when abuse is committed by a stranger
Child sexual abuse:
Gender
Females at higher risk
Outcome research is inconsistent
When differences are found, outcomes are worse for females
Child maltreatment: Child risk factors
Premature birth
Low birth weight
Difficult temperament
Chronic illness/disability
Children at highest risk for physical abuse
Children under three years old
Children at highest risk for sexual abuse
Preteens and teens
Child Maltreatment:
Parent characteristics
History of maltreatment of the child
Alcohol/drug abuse
Psychopathology
Harsh discipline
Unreasonable expectations
Low education level
Younger age (under 30)
Poor impulse control
Child Maltreatment:
Family Characteristics
Poverty
Unemployment
Social isolation
Marital instability
Domestic violence
Lack of access to medical care/social services
Crowded living conditions
Sibling Relationships:
Early childhood
Prosocial, play oriented behaviors
Sibling Relationships:
Middle childhood
Combination of closeness/conflict and cooperation is less competition
Sibling Relationships:
Factors that increase sibling rivalry
Same gender
1 to 3 years apart in age
Parents who provide inconsistent discipline
Sibling Relationships:
Adolescence
Spend less time together
Relationship becomes less emotionally intense and more distant
Friction usually declines
Sibling Relationships:
Close relation in childhood
Likely to become even closer in old age
Dramatic (imaginative) play:
Develops cognitive abilities related to…
Symbolizing
Imitation
Problem solving
Nonsocial Play
Unoccupied play
Onlooker play
Solitary play
Social Play
Parallel play
Associative play
Cooperative play
Social Support:
Buffering Hypothesis
Subjective perception of social support is more critical than actual support for reducing loneliness and stress
Number of adult close friends needed to ensure emotional well-being
One
Rejected Children:
Effect of changing social groups
Less likely to experience improvement in peer status
Neglected Children:
Attitude toward being alone
Being alone is desirable
They do not report being particularly lonely or unhappy
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory:
Two primary functions of social goals
Acquisition of knowledge
Regulation of emotion
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory:
Preferences of older adults who view time as limited
Emotionally close social partners
Greater partner selectivity
Reduced number of social partners
Age at which peer pressure to conform is highest
14-15yo
Most responsive to all types of peer influence:
neutral, positive and negative
True or False?
Peer influence during adolescence is generally stronger for prosocial behaviors than antisocial ones
True
Subjects of Peer Influence
Music
clothing
social activities
Subjects of Parental Influence
Basic beliefs and values
Educational and career goals
Factors that influence higher levels of marital satisfaction
Similarity in age, SES, Education, Religion
Marrying after each 23
Dating for the six months prior to marriage
Waiting at least one year after marriage to have children
Empty Nest Syndrome
Marital satisfaction increases
*Related to increased QUALITY of interactions, not more time
True or False?
Research has established a strong connection between marital duration and marital satisfaction
False
