02_Physical Development and Health Flashcards

1
Q

Size of the brain at birth

A

25% of adult weight of brain

80% = by two years old (mostly due to synaptogenesis)

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2
Q

Development of the cerebral cortex

A

Birth = almost completely undeveloped

First two months = primary motor and sensory areas

PFC = continues to mature through childhood and adolescence, not fully developed until early/mid-20s

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3
Q

Neuronal atrophy:

When? Where? Compensatory mechanism?

A

By age 30, brain starts to gradually shrink

Mostly occurs in PFC

Compensation through neurogenesis in hippocampus and other areas

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4
Q

Sense that is the Least developed at birth

A

Vision

Newborn sees approx. only 20 feet at birth

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5
Q

Age at which infant’s visual acuity is close to normal adult

A

6 months

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6
Q

Age at which newborns prefer to look at faces
&
Age they prefer face of mother over unfamiliar women

A

2-5 days after birth: Prefer to look at faces

By 2 months: prefer face of mother over unfamiliar women

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7
Q

Age by which newborns distinguish between different voices and show preference for sound of mother’s voice

A

3 months

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8
Q

Name the age range for the following Developmental Milestones:

Raise chin from ground
Turn head side to side
Play with hands and fingers
Bring objects in hand to mouth

A

1-3 months

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9
Q

Name the age range for the following Developmental Milestones:

Roll from abdomen to back
Sit on lap, reaches and grasps
Sits alone and stands with help

A

4-6 months

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10
Q

Name the age range for Developmental Milestones of:

Increased coordination
Sit alone without support
Begin crawling and creeping
Pull self to standing by holding furniture

A

7-9 months

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11
Q

Developmental Milestones, Age Range for:

Stands alone and walks with help

A

10-12 months

~12months: first steps alone

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12
Q

Developmental Milestones, Age Range for:

Walks alone with wide-based gait
Creeps up stairs
Scribbles spontaneously
Uses cup well

A

13-15 months

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13
Q

Name the age range for Developmental Milestones of:

Run clumsily
Walk upstairs with hand held
Use a spoon

A

16-24 months

by 24 months: goes up and down stairs alone, kicks ball, turns pages of a book

50% of children use toilet during the day

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14
Q

Name the age range for the following Developmental Milestones:

Jumps with both feet
Has good hand-finger coordination

A

2-4 years

By 36 months:
rides tricycle, dresses and undresses, completely toilet trained

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15
Q

Age at which there is a stable preference for the right or left hand

A

Develops by age 4

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16
Q

Effects of early training on motor development

A

Acceleration of age at which certain skills are exhibited

However effects to not generalize to other skills

Over time, no difference between other children

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17
Q

Effects of early training in complex skills

E.g., playing tennis, musical instrument

A

Improves proficiency in these skills later in life

18
Q

Gender Differences in Motor Development:

Middle childhood

A

Girls more physically mature, better at skills requiring flexibility, agility, balance

Boys superior in skills that require strength and gross motor abilities

19
Q

Gender Differences in Motor Development:

Early adolescence

A

Disparity increases substantially

Boys excel on most measures of motor ability

Possibly due to differences in adipose tissue

20
Q

Consequences of early/late physical maturation:

Boys

A

Early: increased risk for drug and alcohol use, delinquency, depression

Both early and late maturing boys are more susceptible to depression

21
Q

Consequences of Early physical maturation:

Girls

A

Poor self-concept

Less popular

Dissatisfaction with physical development

Low academic achievement

More likely to engage in sexually precocious behavior

Increased risk for drug and alcohol use, depression, eating disorders

22
Q

Consequences of Late physical maturation:

Girls

A

Dissatisfaction with physical appearance

Tend to academically outperform peers

23
Q

Course of negative consequences of early/late maturation by adulthood

A

Most adverse effects have largely dissipated

Adults are fairly indistinguishable

24
Q

Physical Changes in Adulthood:

Vision

A

After age 40: inability to focus on close objects (*think reading glasses)

After age 65: Loss of visual acuity, reduced depth perception and color

25
Physical Changes in Adulthood: Audition
Most significant hearing loss occurs after age 75 Decreased ability to perceive high-frequency sounds Results in difficulty to understand human speech with competing noise *Tends to occur earlier in men
26
Physical Changes in Adulthood: Strength, Coordination, Reaction Time
Declined strength and endurance Slower reaction time Behavioral slowing that affects motor and mental abilities
27
Chronic illness in children
Increased risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms *Most do not actually meet criteria for a formal DSM diagnosis
28
Chronic Illness in Children: Best predictor of positive outcomes
Illness severity
29
Factor associated with positive psychological outcomes for children with life-threatening illnesses
When children are given accurate and developmentally appropriate information about their illness *in its early stages*
30
Largest protective factor for children with life-threatening illnesses
When children are given accurate and developmentally appropriate information about their illness *in its early stages*
31
Adolescent alcohol, drug, and tobacco use: Rates of use in recent years
Declined use of all substances
32
Adolescent alcohol, drug, and tobacco use: Main risk factors
Male gender Low SES Physical or sexual abuse Low parental warmth and involvement
33
Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood: Frequency
57-85yo similar frequency to 18-59
34
Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood: Frequency
57-85yo similar frequency to 18-59
35
Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood: Primary reason for lack of sexual activity
Physical health problems Lack of sexual partner
36
Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood: Primary reason for lack of sexual activity
#1: Physical health problems Followed by lack of sexual partner (affects women more)
37
Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood: Satisfaction with sexual activity
Approximately half report that current sex life is either physically and emotionally more satisfying or unchanged to when they were in their 40s
38
Puberty is a sexual maturation, marked by the onset of what ability?
the ability to reproduce
39
Emerging during puberty, __________ , such as the growth of reproductive organs, develop.
primary sex characteristics
40
In women, widening of the hips and breast development, would be two features of ________.
secondary sex characteristics