03_Cognitive Development

Question 1

Maturationist View:

Answer 1

Genetically programmed growth and development of the body

Question 2

From the maturation perspective of development, what is the benefit of greater preprogrammed physiological development of the brain?

Answer 2

More complex conceptualization and reasoning

Question 3

Piaget:

Assimilation involves incorporating new ideas into already-existing mental representations, or __________.

Answer 3

Schemas

Question 4

Piaget:

What process must a child undergo when faced with information that does not easily fit into an existing schema?

Answer 4

Accommodation

Question 5

What are Piaget’s stages of development?

Answer 5

sensorimotor

pre-operational

concrete operational

formal operational

Question 6

Reflexive reactions and circular reactions (repeated behaviors through which the infant manipulates the environment) are typical in which of Piaget’s stages of development?

Answer 6

sensorimotor stage

Question 7

The pre-operational stage of Piaget’s theory of development is characterized by the shift to __________, the ability to use words to substitute for objects.

Answer 7

symbolic thinking

Question 8

What two important concepts appear during Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

Answer 8

Reversibility

Conservation

Question 9

If I have a set amount of water that I pour into different sized glasses, a child in the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s theory of development will understand that the amount of water has not changed just because it was arranged differently.

This demonstrates the child’s understanding of what concept?

Answer 9

Conservation

Question 10

Which stage in Piaget’s stages of development is characterized by the presence of theoretical thinking?

Answer 10

formal operational stage

Question 11

If a toy disappears from a child’s field of view, the child will continue to look for it.

This exemplifies the development of which process during the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 11

object permanence

Question 12

The inability to see the world from anyone else’s point of view is __________.

Answer 12

egocentrism

Question 13

If your nephew believes that his stuffed animal is alive, he is subscribing to what belief, found in Piaget’s pre-operational stage?

Answer 13

animism

Question 14

What two abilities does a child at Piaget’s formal operational stage acquire?

Answer 14

metacognition

hypothetical reasoning

Question 15

What are the six basic things to know about Piaget?

Answer 15

Interaction with the physical world leads to logical cognition

Stage theory: going through the stages leads to qualitative changes in the way you reason

Universal: everyone develops the same way and culture has only a small role

The mind is active

Functional part of his theory has assimilation and accommodation

Structural part of his theory has schemes and operations

Question 16

What is metacognition?

Answer 16

the ability to recognize one’s cognitive processes and change or adapt those processes if necessary

Question 17

The opposite of egocentrism, __________, develops around age 4 and allows children to understand that other people see the world differently than they do, such as being able to recognize that a fictional character in a situation may not have the same understanding of a situation as they do.

Answer 17

the theory of mind

Question 18

How do psychologists test theory of mind?

Answer 18

false-belief task

Question 19

Who was the theorist responsible for stressing social factors as critical for developmental processes?

Answer 19

Lev Vygotsky

Question 20

What is internalization?

Answer 20

Internalization is the absorption of knowledge into the self from environmental and social contexts.

Question 21

According to Vygotsky, the __________ is the range between the developed level of ability that a child displays and the potential level of ability of which the child is capable.

Answer 21

zone of proximal development

Question 22

Vygotsky proposed that a child realizes his potential through a process that allows him to move across the zone of proximal development by being helped by a peer. Name this process.

Answer 22

scaffolding

Question 23

Which theorist is credited with successfully championing the view that development occurs across an entire lifetime?

Answer 23

Erik Erikson

Question 24

Which theorist developed a theory that viewed development as a series of “conflicts” that must be resolved?

Answer 24

Erik Erikson

Question 25

What are the eight stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Answer 25

trust vs. mistrust

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

initiative vs. guilt

industry vs. inferiority

identity vs. role confusion

intimacy vs. isolation

generativity vs. stagnation

integrity vs. despair

Question 26

Name and describe the first stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory.

Answer 26

trust vs. mistrust

During this time, babies learn whether they can trust their environment and their caregivers to provide them with the things they need for survival.

Question 27

Which of Erikson’s stages is marked by potty training and temper tantrums?

Answer 27

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

This is the stage when children begin asserting their control over their bodies and behaviors

usually ages 1-3 years old.

Question 28

If your little brother asks, “why?” about everything you do, which of Erikson’s stages is he likely in?

Answer 28

initiative vs. guilt

This is the stage where children try to understand the world around them, and asking questions helps them solve problems

ages 3-6

Question 29

What psychosocial stage begins in first grade, and is characterized by children comparing themselves to others more regularly than before (meaning they need more positive reinforcement)?

Answer 29

industry vs. inferiority

Question 30

The successful resolution of which one of Erikson’s stages results in fidelity, or truthfulness to oneself?

Answer 30

identity vs. role confusion

Question 31

From around 21-40 years of age, we attempt to find and navigate meaningful relationships. What stage is this?

Answer 31

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 32

The drive to be productive in one’s career and at home, and to leave our “mark” on the world is __________.

While “solving” this can induce feelings of accomplishment, failure to resolve the stage can produce feelings of isolation or __________.

Answer 32

generativity

stagnation

Question 33

Which stage occurs during old age and involves coming to terms with successes and failures?

Answer 33

integrity vs. despair

Question 34

Horizontal Decolage

Answer 34

Piaget’s term to describe the gradual acquisition of conservation abilities and other abilities within a specific stage

Question 35

Elkind’s adolescent egocentrism:

Two phenomena

Answer 35

Personal Fable

Imaginary Audience

Question 36

Reminiscence Bump

Answer 36

Ability of adults to have better recall of autobiographical events that occur between ages of 10 and 30

Question 37

Type of memory that shows the greatest age-related decline

Answer 37

Recent long-term (secondary) memory