03_Cognitive Development Flashcards
Maturationist View:
Genetically programmed growth and development of the body
From the maturation perspective of development, what is the benefit of greater preprogrammed physiological development of the brain?
More complex conceptualization and reasoning
Piaget:
Assimilation involves incorporating new ideas into already-existing mental representations, or __________.
Schemas
Piaget:
What process must a child undergo when faced with information that does not easily fit into an existing schema?
Accommodation
What are Piaget’s stages of development?
sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational
Reflexive reactions and circular reactions (repeated behaviors through which the infant manipulates the environment) are typical in which of Piaget’s stages of development?
sensorimotor stage
The pre-operational stage of Piaget’s theory of development is characterized by the shift to __________, the ability to use words to substitute for objects.
symbolic thinking
What two important concepts appear during Piaget’s concrete operational stage?
Reversibility
Conservation
If I have a set amount of water that I pour into different sized glasses, a child in the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s theory of development will understand that the amount of water has not changed just because it was arranged differently.
This demonstrates the child’s understanding of what concept?
Conservation
Which stage in Piaget’s stages of development is characterized by the presence of theoretical thinking?
formal operational stage
If a toy disappears from a child’s field of view, the child will continue to look for it.
This exemplifies the development of which process during the sensorimotor stage?
object permanence
The inability to see the world from anyone else’s point of view is __________.
egocentrism
If your nephew believes that his stuffed animal is alive, he is subscribing to what belief, found in Piaget’s pre-operational stage?
animism
What two abilities does a child at Piaget’s formal operational stage acquire?
metacognition
hypothetical reasoning
What are the six basic things to know about Piaget?
Interaction with the physical world leads to logical cognition
Stage theory: going through the stages leads to qualitative changes in the way you reason
Universal: everyone develops the same way and culture has only a small role
The mind is active
Functional part of his theory has assimilation and accommodation
Structural part of his theory has schemes and operations
What is metacognition?
the ability to recognize one’s cognitive processes and change or adapt those processes if necessary
The opposite of egocentrism, __________, develops around age 4 and allows children to understand that other people see the world differently than they do, such as being able to recognize that a fictional character in a situation may not have the same understanding of a situation as they do.
the theory of mind
How do psychologists test theory of mind?
false-belief task
Who was the theorist responsible for stressing social factors as critical for developmental processes?
Lev Vygotsky
What is internalization?
Internalization is the absorption of knowledge into the self from environmental and social contexts.
According to Vygotsky, the __________ is the range between the developed level of ability that a child displays and the potential level of ability of which the child is capable.
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky proposed that a child realizes his potential through a process that allows him to move across the zone of proximal development by being helped by a peer. Name this process.
scaffolding
Which theorist is credited with successfully championing the view that development occurs across an entire lifetime?
Erik Erikson
Which theorist developed a theory that viewed development as a series of “conflicts” that must be resolved?
Erik Erikson
What are the eight stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generativity vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair
Name and describe the first stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory.
trust vs. mistrust
During this time, babies learn whether they can trust their environment and their caregivers to provide them with the things they need for survival.
Which of Erikson’s stages is marked by potty training and temper tantrums?
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
This is the stage when children begin asserting their control over their bodies and behaviors
usually ages 1-3 years old.
If your little brother asks, “why?” about everything you do, which of Erikson’s stages is he likely in?
initiative vs. guilt
This is the stage where children try to understand the world around them, and asking questions helps them solve problems
ages 3-6
What psychosocial stage begins in first grade, and is characterized by children comparing themselves to others more regularly than before (meaning they need more positive reinforcement)?
industry vs. inferiority
The successful resolution of which one of Erikson’s stages results in fidelity, or truthfulness to oneself?
identity vs. role confusion
From around 21-40 years of age, we attempt to find and navigate meaningful relationships. What stage is this?
intimacy vs. isolation
The drive to be productive in one’s career and at home, and to leave our “mark” on the world is __________.
While “solving” this can induce feelings of accomplishment, failure to resolve the stage can produce feelings of isolation or __________.
generativity
stagnation
Which stage occurs during old age and involves coming to terms with successes and failures?
integrity vs. despair
Horizontal Decolage
Piaget’s term to describe the gradual acquisition of conservation abilities and other abilities within a specific stage
Elkind’s adolescent egocentrism:
Two phenomena
Personal Fable
Imaginary Audience
Reminiscence Bump
Ability of adults to have better recall of autobiographical events that occur between ages of 10 and 30
Type of memory that shows the greatest age-related decline
Recent long-term (secondary) memory
