06c_Moral Development

Question 1

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development:

Two main stages

Answer 1

Heteronomous Morality

Autonomous Morality

Question 2

Piaget:

Heteronomous Morality (7 to 10yo)

Answer 2

Notion of right vs wrong is based on consequences

Rules set by authority figures and are unalterable

Question 3

Piaget:

Autonomous Morality (11+yo)

Answer 3

Focus on intention of the actor instead of consequences

Rules are arbitrary and alterable when people who are governed by rules agreed to change them

Question 4

Piaget:

Lying

Answer 4

Very young children are “spontaneous liars”, natural/harmless

By age 7-8, intentional false statements

By age 10-11, recognize they can be deceived by others

Question 5

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development:

Basis of Research

Answer 5

Responses to Heinz Dilemma

Question 6

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development:

Three Levels

Answer 6

Preconventional

Conventional

Postconventional

Question 7

Kohlberg:

Preconventional Morality

Answer 7

1: Negative Consequences: priority is to avoid punishment
2: Judgments based more on obtaining rewards and satisfying needs than on avoiding punishment

Question 8

Kohlberg:

Conventional Morality

Answer 8

1: Good boy/good girl: the right action is the one that is liked or approved by others
2: Law and order: moral judgments based on rules and laws established by legitimate authorities

Question 9

Kohlberg:

Postconventional Morality

Answer 9

1: Social contract, individual rights, democratically accepted laws
2: Broad, self chosen universally applicable ethical principles

Question 10

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development:

Factors that influence progression through stages

Answer 10

Individual motivation/needs

Social perspective taking

Exposure to democratic institutions

Question 11

Kohlberg:

Relationship between moral judgment and moral action

Answer 11

Strongest at the higher stages of moral development

Question 12

Gilligan:

Factors that influence Females’ Moral Judgments

Answer 12

Caring, compassion, and responsibility to others

*Girls are less influenced justice and individual rights
[Kohlberg’s model only used males]

Question 13

Gilligan:

Three Levels of Moral Development

Answer 13

Orientation of individual survival

Goodness as self-sacrifice

Morality of nonviolence

Question 14

List the six stages and motivators of Kohlberg’s moral schema.

Answer 14

Stage1 : obedience and punishment

Stage 2: self-interest

Stage 3: conformity and seeking social approval

Stage 4: social order

Stage 5: social contract

Stage 6: universal principles

Question 15

Briefly describe the Heinz dilemma

Answer 15

The participant is presented with a scenario in which a man named Heinz had a sick wife. The pharmacist has a cure, but he is selling the drug for 10 times what it is worth and refuses to give it to Heinz at a cheaper price.
The participant is asked is it right or wrong to steal the drug and why.

Question 16

Kohlberg’s level two of moral development is characterized by the utilization of __________ , or the internalization of society’s rules and morals.

Answer 16

conventional morality

Question 17

In Kohlberg’s third level of moral development, which occurs from around age 16 on, the individual adheres to postconventional morality, which is characterized by what?

Answer 17

the development of an internal set of values that may generate occasional conflict with societal values

Question 18

Carol Gilligan revised Kohlberg’s theory in order to place emphasis on the development of __________ as central to moral progress as more important to the moral reasoning of women.

Answer 18

caring relationships