01_Early Influences on Development Flashcards
Rutter’s Indicators
Six Family Risk Factors
Severe marital discord
Low SES
Overcrowding/large family size
Parental criminality
Maternal psychopathology
Child placement outside the home
Werner & Smith: Resilience Takeaways
High-risk children demonstrate considerable resilience
The negative effects of prenatal and perinatal stress are not always irreversible
Reaction range
Genetic basis for narrow or broad range develop specific traits based on environmental factors
Canalization
When genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of possible outcomes
Passive genotype-environment correlation
Parents provide environments that encourage development of inherited traits
Evocative genotype-environment correlation
Child’s genetic makeup evokes reactions from parents and others that reinforce their genetic makeup
Niche Picking
Active genotype-environment correlation
Children actively seek out experiences consistent with their genetic predisposition
Epigenetics
How environment impacts genetic expression of phenotype changes
(does not involve changes to DNA)
Relationship between genetic and environmental influences are bidirectional and ongoing
Sensitive Periods
Many human behaviors have sensitive periods that are longer in duration and more flexible than critical periods
Critical periods associated more with physical development
Three stages of prenatal development
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
Terminal stage
Germinal stage
First two weeks
Fertilized ovum is a zygote
Embryonic stage
3-8 weeks
Fetal stage
9 weeks until birth
Chromosomal disorders:
Three Potential Causes
Single dominant gene
Two recessive genes
Chromosomal abnormality
Chromosomal disorders:
Three disorders due to abnormality
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Down syndrome
Extra 21st chromosome
Intellectual disability
Retarded physical growth and motor development
Increase of susceptibility to Alzheimer’s, leukemia, and heart defects
Klinefelter syndrome
Males: extra X Chromosome (XXY)
Small penis and testes
Development of breasts during puberty
Limited interest in sexual activity
Sterility
Learning disabilities
Turner syndrome
Females with a single X chromosome
Short stature
Drooping eyelids
Webbed neck
Retarded or absent secondary sex characteristics
Cognitive deficits
Teratogens:
Definition & Examples
Substances that cause birth defects in the developing fetus
e.g. drugs, chemicals, certain maternal conditions
Teratogens:
Alcohol
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Irreversible
Most directly related to drinking during second half of first trimester
Teratogens:
Cocaine
Increased risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth
Increased risk of SIDS
Seizure
Low birth weight
Reduce head circumference
High-pitched cry
Tremors
Developmental delays
Irritability
Cognitive and behavioral problems that persists into early school years
Teratogens:
Nicotine
Placental abnormalities, can lead to fetal death and stillbirth
Low birth weight
SIDS
Respiratory diseases
Teratogens:
Lead
Low birthweight
Intellectual disability
Effects of Maternal Health:
Rubella
Heart defects
Blindness
Deafness
Intellect disability
Effects of Maternal Health:
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV)
A type of herpes virus
Affects 1% of all newborns
20-30% of infants born with CMV die perinatally
80-90% of symptomatic newborns develop neurological symptoms
Intellectual disability
hearing/visual impairments
Effects of Maternal Health:
HIV/AIDS
20-30% Chance of transmitting the virus during pregnancy
Antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy reduces risk to less than 1%
Effects of Maternal Health:
Malnutrition
Miscarriage
Stillbirth
Low birth weight
Immunosuppression
Intellectual disability (decreased number of brain cells)
Spina bifida/neural tube defect (lack of folic acid)
Premature/Preterm classification #weeks
Less than 37 weeks after conception
Premature infants:
Prognosis
Most survive
With appropriate medical attention and supportive environment, premature infants catch up to their non-premature peers by age 2 or 3
Small for gestational age infant: Consequences
SGA is more serious than being premature
[below 10th percentile in weight]
High risk for asphyxia during birth
Respiratory disease
Hypoglycemia
Learning disabilities
ADHD
Two potential complications/conditions that require intervention during brith process
Anoxyia: Twisted umbilical cord or sedatives given to mother
Herpes Simplex 2 = caesarian to prevent risk of death/brain damage
Exposure to Teratogens is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities in which stage?
Embryonic Stage
3-8 weeks
