01_Early Influences on Development Flashcards by Nikos Rebetis

Rutter’s Indicators

Six Family Risk Factors

Severe marital discord

Low SES

Overcrowding/large family size

Parental criminality

Maternal psychopathology

Child placement outside the home

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Werner & Smith: Resilience Takeaways

High-risk children demonstrate considerable resilience

The negative effects of prenatal and perinatal stress are not always irreversible

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Reaction range

Genetic basis for narrow or broad range develop specific traits based on environmental factors

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Canalization

When genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of possible outcomes

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Passive genotype-environment correlation

Parents provide environments that encourage development of inherited traits

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Evocative genotype-environment correlation

Child’s genetic makeup evokes reactions from parents and others that reinforce their genetic makeup

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Niche Picking

Active genotype-environment correlation

Children actively seek out experiences consistent with their genetic predisposition

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Epigenetics

How environment impacts genetic expression of phenotype changes
(does not involve changes to DNA)

Relationship between genetic and environmental influences are bidirectional and ongoing

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Sensitive Periods

Many human behaviors have sensitive periods that are longer in duration and more flexible than critical periods

Critical periods associated more with physical development

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Three stages of prenatal development

Germinal

Embryonic

Fetal

Terminal stage

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Germinal stage

First two weeks

Fertilized ovum is a zygote

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Embryonic stage

3-8 weeks

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Fetal stage

9 weeks until birth

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Chromosomal disorders:

Three Potential Causes

Single dominant gene

Two recessive genes

Chromosomal abnormality

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Chromosomal disorders:

Three disorders due to abnormality

Down syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome

Turner syndrome

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Down syndrome

Extra 21st chromosome

Intellectual disability

Retarded physical growth and motor development

Increase of susceptibility to Alzheimer’s, leukemia, and heart defects

Klinefelter syndrome

Males: extra X Chromosome (XXY)

Small penis and testes

Development of breasts during puberty

Limited interest in sexual activity

Sterility

Learning disabilities

Turner syndrome

Females with a single X chromosome

Short stature

Drooping eyelids

Webbed neck

Retarded or absent secondary sex characteristics

Cognitive deficits

Teratogens:

Definition & Examples

Substances that cause birth defects in the developing fetus

e.g. drugs, chemicals, certain maternal conditions

Teratogens:

Alcohol

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Irreversible

Most directly related to drinking during second half of first trimester

Teratogens:

Cocaine

Increased risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth

Increased risk of SIDS

Seizure

Low birth weight

Reduce head circumference

High-pitched cry

Tremors

Developmental delays

Irritability

Cognitive and behavioral problems that persists into early school years

Teratogens:

Nicotine

Placental abnormalities, can lead to fetal death and stillbirth

Low birth weight

SIDS

Respiratory diseases

Teratogens:

Lead

Low birthweight

Intellectual disability

Effects of Maternal Health:

Rubella

Heart defects

Blindness

Deafness

Intellect disability

Effects of Maternal Health: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A type of herpes virus Affects 1% of all newborns 20-30% of infants born with CMV die perinatally 80-90% of symptomatic newborns develop neurological symptoms Intellectual disability hearing/visual impairments

Effects of Maternal Health: HIV/AIDS

20-30% Chance of transmitting the virus during pregnancy Antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy reduces risk to less than 1%

Effects of Maternal Health: Malnutrition

Miscarriage Stillbirth Low birth weight Immunosuppression Intellectual disability (decreased number of brain cells) Spina bifida/neural tube defect (lack of folic acid)

Premature/Preterm classification #weeks

Less than 37 weeks after conception

Premature infants: Prognosis

Most survive With appropriate medical attention and supportive environment, premature infants catch up to their non-premature peers by age 2 or 3

Small for gestational age infant: Consequences

SGA is more serious than being premature [below 10th percentile in weight] High risk for asphyxia during birth Respiratory disease Hypoglycemia Learning disabilities ADHD

Two potential complications/conditions that require intervention during brith process

Anoxyia: Twisted umbilical cord or sedatives given to mother Herpes Simplex 2 = caesarian to prevent risk of death/brain damage

Exposure to Teratogens is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities in which stage?

Embryonic Stage | 3-8 weeks