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EPPP B2: Lifespan Development > 01_Early Influences on Development > Flashcards

01_Early Influences on Development Flashcards

1
Q

Rutter’s Indicators

Six Family Risk Factors

A

Severe marital discord

Low SES

Overcrowding/large family size

Parental criminality

Maternal psychopathology

Child placement outside the home

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2
Q

Werner & Smith: Resilience Takeaways

A

High-risk children demonstrate considerable resilience

The negative effects of prenatal and perinatal stress are not always irreversible

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3
Q

Reaction range

A

Genetic basis for narrow or broad range develop specific traits based on environmental factors

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4
Q

Canalization

A

When genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of possible outcomes

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5
Q

Passive genotype-environment correlation

A

Parents provide environments that encourage development of inherited traits

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6
Q

Evocative genotype-environment correlation

A

Child’s genetic makeup evokes reactions from parents and others that reinforce their genetic makeup

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7
Q

Niche Picking

A

Active genotype-environment correlation

Children actively seek out experiences consistent with their genetic predisposition

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8
Q

Epigenetics

A

How environment impacts genetic expression of phenotype changes
(does not involve changes to DNA)

Relationship between genetic and environmental influences are bidirectional and ongoing

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9
Q

Sensitive Periods

A

Many human behaviors have sensitive periods that are longer in duration and more flexible than critical periods

Critical periods associated more with physical development

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10
Q

Three stages of prenatal development

A

Germinal

Embryonic

Fetal

Terminal stage

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11
Q

Germinal stage

A

First two weeks

Fertilized ovum is a zygote

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12
Q

Embryonic stage

A

3-8 weeks

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13
Q

Fetal stage

A

9 weeks until birth

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14
Q

Chromosomal disorders:

Three Potential Causes

A

Single dominant gene

Two recessive genes

Chromosomal abnormality

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15
Q

Chromosomal disorders:

Three disorders due to abnormality

A

Down syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome

Turner syndrome

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16
Q

Down syndrome

A

Extra 21st chromosome

Intellectual disability

Retarded physical growth and motor development

Increase of susceptibility to Alzheimer’s, leukemia, and heart defects

17
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Males: extra X Chromosome (XXY)

Small penis and testes

Development of breasts during puberty

Limited interest in sexual activity

Sterility

Learning disabilities

18
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Females with a single X chromosome

Short stature

Drooping eyelids

Webbed neck

Retarded or absent secondary sex characteristics

Cognitive deficits

19
Q

Teratogens:

Definition & Examples

A

Substances that cause birth defects in the developing fetus

e.g. drugs, chemicals, certain maternal conditions

20
Q

Teratogens:

Alcohol

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Irreversible

Most directly related to drinking during second half of first trimester

21
Q

Teratogens:

Cocaine

A

Increased risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth

Increased risk of SIDS

Seizure

Low birth weight

Reduce head circumference

High-pitched cry

Tremors

Developmental delays

Irritability

Cognitive and behavioral problems that persists into early school years

22
Q

Teratogens:

Nicotine

A

Placental abnormalities, can lead to fetal death and stillbirth

Low birth weight

SIDS

Respiratory diseases

23
Q

Teratogens:

Lead

A

Low birthweight

Intellectual disability

24
Q

Effects of Maternal Health:

Rubella

A

Heart defects

Blindness

Deafness

Intellect disability

25
Q

Effects of Maternal Health:

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A

A type of herpes virus

Affects 1% of all newborns

20-30% of infants born with CMV die perinatally

80-90% of symptomatic newborns develop neurological symptoms

Intellectual disability

hearing/visual impairments

26
Q

Effects of Maternal Health:

HIV/AIDS

A

20-30% Chance of transmitting the virus during pregnancy

Antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy reduces risk to less than 1%

27
Q

Effects of Maternal Health:

Malnutrition

A

Miscarriage

Stillbirth

Low birth weight

Immunosuppression

Intellectual disability (decreased number of brain cells)

Spina bifida/neural tube defect (lack of folic acid)

28
Q

Premature/Preterm classification #weeks

A

Less than 37 weeks after conception

29
Q

Premature infants:

Prognosis

A

Most survive

With appropriate medical attention and supportive environment, premature infants catch up to their non-premature peers by age 2 or 3

30
Q

Small for gestational age infant: Consequences

A

SGA is more serious than being premature
[below 10th percentile in weight]

High risk for asphyxia during birth

Respiratory disease

Hypoglycemia

Learning disabilities

ADHD

31
Q

Two potential complications/conditions that require intervention during brith process

A

Anoxyia: Twisted umbilical cord or sedatives given to mother

Herpes Simplex 2 = caesarian to prevent risk of death/brain damage

32
Q

Exposure to Teratogens is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities in which stage?

A

Embryonic Stage

3-8 weeks

EPPP B2: Lifespan Development (10 decks)

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