05_Temperament, Personality, and Identity Flashcards
Temperament:
Overview
Basic disposition
Genetic component
Apparent at birth and predictive of later personality
(when measures at 3yo)
Temperament:
Behavioral inhibition
Strong biological component
Inhibited children experience higher heart rate and changes in blood pressure when faced with unfamiliar situations
Thomas and Chess:
Three categories of temperament
Easy
Slow to warm up
Difficult
Thomas and Chess:
Goodness-of-fit model
Degree of match between parents’ behaviors and child’s temperament contributes to outcomes
Thomas and Chess:
Parent guidance intervention
Help parents interact with child in ways that are consistent with child’s temperament
Levinson’s Season’s of a Man’s Life
Stress associated with major transitions
Early Adult Transition [formation of The Dream]
Age 30 Transition [settling down]
Mid-life Transition [40-45; time-left-to-live]
“Midlife Crisis”= 80% of Men
Children of Authoritarian Parents
Irritable
Aggressive
Mistrusting
Dependent
Limited Sense of Responsibility
Low Self-esteem
Low academic achievement
Children of Authoritative Parents
Assertive
Socially responsible
Achievement oriented
High self-esteem
Self-confident
Academic achievement
Children of Permissive Parents
Immature
Impulsive
Self-centered
Easily frustrated
Low achievement
Low independence
Children of Uninvolved Parents
“rejecting-neglecting parents”
Low self-esteem
Poor self-control
Impulsive
Moody
Aggressive
Parenting characteristics most predictive of juvenile delinquency
Lack of parental warmth
Lack of supervision
Inconsistent or harsh punishment
*Most associated with rejecting/neglecting uninvolved parents
Birth Order:
First-borns
More rapid language acquisition
Higher IQ and grades
Achievement oriented
Conscientious
Birth Order:
Later-Borns
More rebellious
Have better peer relationships
More confident social situations
Family Composition:
Lower academic achievement: 2 factors
Larger family size
Smaller gaps between children (closer in age)
Maternal depression
Increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems
Physiological distress: elevated heart rate by 3 months old
Passive noncompliance
Increased aggressiveness
Insecure attachment
Paternal Depression
Father-child conflict
Internalizing and externalizing symptoms
Symptoms can occur in the absence of maternal depression
Self-awareness:
Three stages
Physical self recognition (by 18 months)
Self-description (between 19 to 30 months)
Emotional responses to wrongdoing
[development of conscience]
Self-descriptions at different ages
2-6: concrete physical characteristics, behaviors
6-10: competencies
10-12: personality traits
Adolescents: inner thoughts and feelings
Age by which most children label themselves and others as either boy or girl
3 yo
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Development Theory of Gender Identity
Gender identity (2-3)
Gender stability
Gender constancy (by 6-7)
Bem’s Gender Schema Theory
Combination of social learning and cognitive development
Children develop schemas of masculinity and femininity
Gender and Self-Esteem
Androgyny, for both males and females, and masculinity for males is associated with higher levels of self-esteem that femininity
Age at which children perceive and understand racial differences
6 months: awareness of racial differences
3-4yo: Label people in terms of racial group
10yo: Understanding social connotations of racial differences
Adolescent Identity Crisis:
Theorist who coined the term
Erik Erikson
**Erikson did NOT coin “midlife crisis”
