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05 - Tests and Measurements > 05-08: Gait > Flashcards

05-08: Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of Gait (2)

A
  • Stance Gait

- Swing Gait

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2
Q

Stance Gait

A
  • Stability Phase
  • 60% of gait cycle
  • Foot is in contact with the ground; starts when one heel hits the ground, ends when that foot leaves the ground
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3
Q

Swing Gait

A
  • 40% of gait cycle

- Starts when toe of one LE leaves the ground, ends when heel of same LE hits the ground

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4
Q

Standard terminology - Stance (spot)

A
  • Heel strike
  • Foot flat
  • Midstance
  • Heel off
  • Toe off
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5
Q

Rancho Los Amigos - Stance (mobility)

A
  • Initial contact
  • Loading response
  • Midstance
  • Terminal stance
  • Pre-swing
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6
Q

Foot slap

A
  • Impairments

- Happens if dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior) are impaired

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7
Q

Standard Terminology - Swing

A
  • Acceleration
  • Midswing
  • Deceleration
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8
Q

Rancho Los Amigos - Swing

A
  • Initial swing
  • Midswing
  • Terminal swing
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9
Q

Heel Strike (ST)

A

Instant heel touches the ground to the beginning of stance phase

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10
Q

Foot Flat (ST)

A

Entire foot makes contact with the ground

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11
Q

Midstance (ST)

A

Entire body weight is directly over the stance limb

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12
Q

Heel off (ST)

A

Heel of stance limb leaves the ground

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13
Q

Toe off (ST)

A

Only toe of the stance limb remains on ground

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14
Q

Acceleration (ST)

A

Toe off is complete and the reference limb swings until positioned directly under the body

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15
Q

Midswing (ST)

A

Swing limb is directly under the body

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16
Q

Deceleration (ST)

A

Swing limb begins to extend and ends just prior to heel strike

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17
Q

Initial contact (RLA)

A
  • Foot touches the ground

- H = 30˚ Flexion, K = 0˚, A = 0˚, T = 0˚

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18
Q

Loading response (RLA)

A
  • The period of time between initial contact and the beginning of the swing phase for the other leg
  • H = 25˚ Flexion, K = 15˚ Flexion, A = 10˚ Plantar flexion, T = 0˚
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19
Q

Midstance (RLA)

A
  • The point when other foot is off the floor until the body is directly over the stance limb
  • H = 0˚, K = 0˚, A = 5˚ Dorsiflexion, T = 0˚
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20
Q

Terminal Stance (RLA)

A
  • Begins when stance limb’s heel rises and ends when the other foot touches the ground
  • H = 10˚ Extension, K = 0˚, A = 10˚ Dorsiflexion, T = 30˚ MTP Extension
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21
Q

Pre-Swing (RLA)

A
  • Begins when the other foot touches the ground and ends when the stance foot reaches toe off
  • H = 0˚, K = 40˚ Flexion, A = 20˚ Plantar flexion, T = 60˚ MTP Extension
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22
Q

Initial Swing (RLA)

A
  • Begins when stance leg lifts from the floor and ends when maximal knee flexion during swing
  • H = 15˚ Flexion, K = 60˚ Flexion, A = 10˚ Plantar flexion, T = 0˚
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23
Q

Midswing (RLA)

A
  • Begins when maximal knee flexion during swing and ends when the tibia is perpendicular to the ground
  • H = 25˚ Flexion, K = 25˚ Flexion, A = 0˚, T = 0˚
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24
Q

Terminal Swing (RLA)

A
  • Begins when the tibia is perpendicular to the ground and ends when the foot touches the ground
  • H = 35˚ Flexion, K = 0˚, A = 0˚, T = 0˚
25
Q

Tibialis Anterior (Peak activity)

A
  • Just after heel strike

- Eccentric lowering of the foot into plantarflexion

26
Q

Gastroc-Soleus Group (Peak activity)

A
  • Late stance phase

- Concentric raising of the heel during toe off

27
Q

Quadriceps Group (Peak activity)

A
  • 1st: Single limb support during stance phase

- 2nd: Just before toe off to initiate swing phase

28
Q

Hamstring Group (Peak activity)

A
  • Last part of swing phase

- Deceleration of the unsupported limb

29
Q

ROM Requirements (Gait)

A
  • Hip Flexion: 0-35˚
  • Hip Extension: 0-10˚
  • Knee Flexion: 0-60˚
  • Knee Extension: 0˚
  • Ankle dorsiflexion: 0-10˚
  • Ankle plantar flexion: 0-20˚
30
Q

Gait Cycle

A

Sequence of motions that occur from one initial contact of the heel to the next consecutive initial contact of the same heel

31
Q

Base of Support/Width of Walking Base/Step Width

A
  • Distance measured b/t the midpoints of heel contact of the L foot and R foot during consecutive steps in gait
  • Distance decreases as cadence increases
  • Avg. adult step width = 2-4 inches (5-10 cm)
32
Q

Step Length

A
  • Distance measured b/t R heel strike and L heel strike
  • Includes double support, single support, stance and swing of one LE
  • Avg. adult step length = 13-16 inches
33
Q

Stride Length

A
  • Distance measured b/t R heel strike and the following R heel strike
  • Avg. adult stride length = 26-32 inches
34
Q

Cadence

A
  • Walking speed
  • Number of steps a person will walk over a period of time
  • Walking slowly = increases time both feet on ground
  • Walking quickly = decreases time both feet on ground
  • Avg. adult cadence = 110-120 steps per minuteea
35
Q

Walking velocity

A
  • Rate of linear forward motion of the body
  • Walking velocity = distance/time
  • Recorded in meters per second, feet per second, etc.
36
Q

Single limb phase/support

A

Only one foot is on the ground and occurs twice during a single gait cycle

37
Q

Double limb phase/support

A
  • Both feet are on the ground at the same time
  • Time of double limb support increases as speed of gait increases
  • Does not exist during running
  • Occurs twice during the gait cycle
38
Q

Degree of toe-out

A
  • Angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line of intersecting the center of the heel and second toe
  • Avg. adult degree of toe-out = 7˚
39
Q

Pelvic rotation

A
  • Rotation of the pelvis opposite to the thorax
  • Maintains balance, regulates speed
  • Avg. adult = 8˚ (4˚ forward, 4˚ backward), with stance leg
  • Counter rotation of thorax helps maintain balance
40
Q

Arm swing during gait

A
  • Help maintain balance
  • Opposite UE and LE simultaneously
  • Can be altered by Ue injury, trunk rotation problem or LE limitation
41
Q

COG during gait

A
  • Moves vertically and horizontally displaced equally around 2” each
  • Pelvic lateral tilt up and down (frontal plane) minimizes displacement of COG
42
Q

Antalgic gait

A
  • “Painful gait”
  • Protective gait pattern: Shortened stance time; fast, short step on uninvolved side
  • Involved step length is decreased: Avoid WB on involved side b/c of pain
43
Q

Ataxia

A
  • Wide BOS
  • Jerky, unsteady movements
  • Difficulty walking in straight line; staggering
  • Drunken sailor
44
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Circular motion to advance the LE during swing phase
  • Compensates for insufficient hip flexion, knee flexion, dorsiflexion
  • Limb can be too long
45
Q

Double step

A
  • Alternate steps are of different length or different rate

- Not a controlled gait pattern

46
Q

Equine (or Equinus) gait

A
  • High steps

- Caused by excessive gastroc activity or leg length descrepancy (LLD)

47
Q

Festinating gait

A
  • Starts slow, increases and may continue until pt grasps an objective
  • Difficulty controlling acceleration and deceleration
  • Pt might progress to walking to toes
48
Q

Parkinsonian gait

A
  • Shuffling gait
  • Flexed trunk ( –> fwd COG), flexed LEs, decreased UE swing, decreased stride length
  • Short rapid steps –> attempt to regain balance and prevent falling
  • Impaired initiation of movement
49
Q

Scissor gait

A
  • Legs cross midline when advanced

- Caused by spastic hip adductors

50
Q

Spastic gait

A
  • Stiff movement

- Toes catch and drag, LE adducted, hip and knee joints slightly flexed

51
Q

Foot drop

A
  • “Steppage Gait”
  • Deep peroneal nerve impairment
  • Inability to clear foot during swing b/c DF weakness
  • Compensate with excessive hip and knee flexion to advance the LE
    Foot slaps on initial contact —> decrease control
52
Q

Trendelenburg gait

A
  • Usually gluteus medius weakness

- Excessive lateral trunk flexion and WS over stance LE

53
Q

Vaulting

A
  • Uninvolved stance LE elevates at pelvis and PF to allow the involved LE to swing and advance
  • Vault on short side, or side that can’t flex
54
Q

Crouch gait

A
  • Limited trunk rotation

- Lumbar lordosis, anterior pelvic tilt, hip and knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion, exaggerated arm swing

55
Q

Rocking horse gait

A
  • Caused by gluteus maximus weakness
  • Hip tends to go into flexion during stance without good stabilization by hip extensors
  • Trunk shifts posterior to compensate
  • Excessive forward and backward trunk shifting resembles rocking horse
56
Q

Quadriceps weakness gait

A
  • Inability to extend knee during stance

- Compensates with trunk forward flexion and plantar flexion –> knee hyperextension

57
Q

Hamstring weakness gait

A
  • Both stance and swing affected
  • Stance: Knee in genu recurvatum (pushed backward)
  • Swing: During deceleration, knee slaps into extension b/c hamstring not strong enough to slow down the forward swing of the LE
58
Q

Foot slap

A
  • Foot slaps on the ground during heel strike

- Weak dorsiflexors; ankle not able to suppport weight of body at heel strike

59
Q

Waddling gait

A
  • Shoulder behind hips
  • Little or no reciprocal pelvis or trunk rotation
  • Compensation of excessive lateral WS to advance LE
  • Often accompanied by lumbar lordosis and foot drop
  • Seen in Muscular dystrophy

05 - Tests and Measurements (21 decks)

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