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05 - Tests and Measurements > 05-02c: Development of Systems Across the Lifespan > Flashcards

05-02c: Development of Systems Across the Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

Lifespan Ages

A
  • Newborn: Birth-1 month
  • Infant: 1 month - 1 year
  • Toddler: 1-2 years
  • Child: 2-12 years
  • Adolescent: 12-20 years
  • Adult: 20-65 years
  • Older Adult: 65+ years
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2
Q

Skeletal Development - Newborn

A

Verterbral development begins in embryonic development

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3
Q

Skeletal Development - Infant/Child

A
  • Epiphysis is active site for new bone formation
  • Epiphyseal plate is very thin and susceptible to compressive and tensile forces (avulsion Fx, greenstick Fx)
  • Ambulation: Curvature of sacrum increases, ilium thickens, acetabular depth increases
  • Femur of tibia goes from genu varum to genu valgum by 3 years old
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4
Q

Skeletal Development - Adolescent

A
  • Growth spurt girls: 12-13 yrs
  • Growth spurt boys: 14-15 yrs
  • Common stress Fx areas: Lumbar spine, tibia, fibula; Osgood Schlatters Disease (pain, inflammation, edema at tibial tuberosity - boys 10-15, girls 8-13)
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5
Q

Skeletal Development - Adult

A
  • Max bone mass: 20-30 yrs
  • Balanced until 35-40yrs
  • Women lose 1% per year prior to menopause, 2-4% yearly after
  • Men lose .5% per year
  • Intervertebral disk loses water (Nucleus pulposus is mainly affected; Annulus fibrosus becomes more fibrotic)
  • Higher incident of disk-related pain between 25-45 yrs
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6
Q

Skeletal Development - Older Adult

A
  • Loss of bone mass leads to osteomalacia, osteopenia, osteoporosis
  • Decreased activity further decreases bone mass
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7
Q

Muscular Development - Infant to Adult

A
  • In utero: Increase in both muscle fibers and size of individual fibers
  • After birth: Growth of muscles comes mainly from increase in size of individual fibers
  • At birth: Primarily fast twitch; slow twitch kicks in at 1-2 yrs
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8
Q

Muscular Development - Older Adult

A
  • Atrophy

- Directly related to activity of individual

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9
Q

Strength - Infancy to Adolescence

A
  • Linear increase from 6-18 yrs

- Boys have greater strength due to hormones, surpass girls around age 16

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10
Q

Strength - Adulthood

A
  • Maximum strength in males: 30-35 yrs
  • Muscle mass declines after 45 yrs (1% per year)
  • Older adults can maintain or even increase skeletal muscle mass and thus strength with resistance exercises (into 80s, 90s)
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11
Q

Cardiovascular - Prenatal

A
  • Blood circulation begins at 3 weeks gestation

- Heart develops as recognizable structure between 20-50 days of gestation

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12
Q

Cardiovascular - Infancy and Childhood

A
  • Newborn heart lis horizontal in chest cavity (as lungs expand and cavity grows, becomes more vertical)
  • R/L ventricles are equally thick; as L ventricle begins pumping, wall size increases and becomes twice as thick by adulthood
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13
Q

Cardiovascular - Adolescence

A
  • Amount of muscle in heart increases

- Increased BP; Decreased HR

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14
Q

Cardiovascular - Adulthood and Older Adult

A
  • Heart size and weight continues to increase in adulthood due to fat deposit
  • Valves thicken and calcify with aging
  • Aging changes seen in coronary arteries at 20 yrs, rest of arterial system after 40 yrs
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15
Q

Heart Rates

A
  • Newborn: 120-140 bpm
  • 1 yo: 100 bpm
  • 6 yo: 80 bpm
  • 10 yo - Adult: 70 bpm
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16
Q

Blood Pressures (Systolic)

A
  • Newborn: 40-75 mmHg
  • 2 yo: 83-88 mmHg
  • 5 yo: 95 mmHg
  • Diastolic is between 50-55 mmHg
17
Q

Pulmonary - Child

A
  • Children under 5 yo have larger number of small airways; problems because 1) increase in airflow resistance = increase work at breathing, 2) easily obstructed by foreign onjects
  • Alveoli and bronchioles are weaker and less efficient
  • Smooth muscle in bronchioles does not develop until 3-4 yo
18
Q

Pulmonary - Older Adult

A
  • Thorax shortends vertically and larger in A<>P direction due to degeneration of disc height
  • Lungs, alveoli, and alveolar ducts get larger
  • Respiratory muscles become less efficient
19
Q

Nervous - Infant and Child

A
  • Critical brain growth occurs between 3-10 months and between 15-24 months
  • Brain weight doubles by 6 months (early myelination = why newborns sleep most of the time)
  • First 2 months after birth = CNS organization
  • Social behavior begins at 2 months with social smile
  • 24 hr biological clock established between 2-4 months (regards day and night)
20
Q

Nervous - Child and Adolescent

A
  • Brain growth spurts at 6-8 yo, 10-12 yo, 18 yo
  • Develop functional skills such as throwing, jumping, catching, balancing at 3-6 yo
  • Skills refined at 6-10 yo
21
Q

Nervous - Adult

A
  • Brain weight declines at 20 yo
  • CNS changes with age, affects frontal/temporal lobes
  • Memory declines at 30 yo
22
Q

Nervous - Older adult

A

Loss of neuron size and aging = explanation for forgetfulness in older adults

23
Q

Sensory - Infant and Early Childhood Touch

A
  • First response to touch - diffuse (arms and legs move around randomly
  • Rooting reflex until 3 months
  • Touch localized at 7-9 months, can’t tell where touched
  • Specific localization demonstrated 12-16 months; toddler can identify place where touched and rub area or push stimulus away
  • Doll eye phenomenon - newborn held in supine suspended and moved horizontally; eyes appear to go opposite direction of the body
24
Q

Sensory - Infant and Early Childhood Vision

A
  • Newborn vision is poor
  • Lateral approach, unable to hold head in midline until 4 months
  • Infant sees b/w until 4 months (full color present)
  • Visual alignment 3-6 months, due to head control and ability to fix on objects
25
Q

Sensory - Infant and Early Childhood Sound

A
  • 1 month: Auditory system myelinated
  • 3 months: head turns to locate sounds
  • 4 months: Infant begins to babble in vocal play as they respond to new sounds
  • 1 yo: words being pronounced
26
Q

Sensory - Infant and Early Childhood Taste/Smell

A
  • Functional at birth, connect to feeding reflexes

- 5 day old infant can orient to mother’s breast pad based on odor

27
Q

Sensory - Child and Adolescence

A
  • 3 yo: Visual closure (ability to discern a shape when seeing only part of it)
  • 5 yo: Visual pursuit (ability to track moving objects)
  • 11 yo: Perceptual judgments based on size are matured
  • 12 yo: Depth perception fully achieved
28
Q

Sensory - Adults and older adults

A
  • Dizziness and vertigo common after 50 yo
  • Presbyopia: Diminished ability to focus clearly at normal reading distances
  • Hearing declines due to loss of sensory cells in the inner ear
29
Q

Exercise Training - Childhood

A
  • Children don’t respond well to CV training
  • Children sweat less than adults, making it difficult to dissipate heat
  • Don’t focus only on strengthening and CV endurance, add coordination and balance exercises, functional exercises
30
Q

Exercise Training - Older Adult

A
  • Focus on low intensity strengthening
  • Focus on functional tasks/ADLs, balance exercises, and gait training
  • Include warm up and cool down

05 - Tests and Measurements (21 decks)

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