Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

05 - Tests and Measurements > 05-06: Balance > Flashcards

05-06: Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of balance

A
  • A state of physical equilibrium
  • Maintenance and control of COG within BOS
  • Achieving and maintaining upright posture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Systems that contribute to balance (3)

A
  • Vestibular
  • Somatosensory
  • Visual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vestibular Input

A
  • Provides CNS with info about position and movement of head with relation to gravity
  • CNS: Cerebellum
  • PNS: Labyrinth of inner ear
  • Semicircular canals: Respond to movement of fluid with acceleration and deceleration of head
  • Otolith: measures acceleration and orientation of head with reference to gravity
  • Stabilizes gaze during head movement (VOR) and regulates postural tone/control via VSR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Perturbations

A
  • Applications of external force acting on the body to displace COM
  • Used to assess vestibular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Somatosensory Input

A
  • Proprioceptive and tactile info
  • Receptors provide proprioceptive info about length, tension, pressure, pain, joint position
  • Receptors located in joints, muscles, ligaments, skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Challenges

A
  • Change surface area (standing or sitting) to test balance
  • Stationary surface vs moving surface, solid vs foam
  • Used to assess somatosensory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Visual Input

A

Receptors provide perceptual acuity info about

  • vertical
  • motion of objects
  • motion of self
  • environmental orientation
  • postural sway
  • movements of the head and neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Assessing visual input

A
  • Eyes open
  • Eyes closed
  • Dim lighting
  • Dark

If visual input is taken away and balance gets worse, visual system is compensating for impairment elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vestibuloocular reflex (VOR)

A
  • Allows for head-eye movement coordination
  • Supports gaze stabilization: Eyes can move while head is fixed, Visual tracking can occur when both eyes and head are moving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vestibulospinal reflex (VSR)

A
  • Stabilizes the body and controls movement
  • Stability of trunk while head is moving
  • Coordination of trunk during upright postures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Automatic postural strategies (4)

A
  • Maintain COG over BOS
  • Ankle: Elicited by small range and slow velocity force, challenge or perturbation when feet on ground; muscles contract distal to proximal
  • Hip: Elicited by greater force, challenge or perturbation through pelvis and hips; hips move in opposite direction of head; muscles contract proximal to distal
  • Suspensory: Lowering COG during standing and ambulation in order to control COG; Used when both stability and mobility required (surfing)
  • Stepping: LE or UE reaches out when challenge/perturbation moves COG outside BOS; UE = sitting balance, LE = standing balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vertigo

A

Affects sense of movement and rotation

  • Of self
  • Of environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nystagmus

A
  • Nonvolitional, rhythmic oscillation of eyes
  • Abnormal eye movements
  • Normal end range
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vestibular rehabilitation

A
  • Addresses central or peripheral balance disorders
  • Exercises address: compensation, adaptation, plasticity
  • Intervention goals: Increase brain sensitivity, restore symmetry, improve VOR control, increase motor control and movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Static Standing Tests

A
  • Romberg Test
  • One legged stance (cross arms, stand on one leg)
  • Timed standing test
  • Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction on Balance (CTSIB): Foam and Dome Test
  • SOT: Computerized posturography of CTSIB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Active Standing Tests

A
  • Functional Reach
  • Sensory Organization Test (SOT)
  • Gait observation
17
Q

Dynamic Balance Tests

A
  • Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA)
  • Berg Balance Scale
  • Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)
18
Q

Nystagmus Tests

A
  • Head-shaking test
  • Head-thrust test
  • Hallpike-Dix test
  • Electrooculography
  • Saccadic Test
  • Gaze Test
19
Q

Functional Balance Grades

A 
4 = Normal: Pt able to maintain balance without handheld support (static); pt accepts max challenge and can shift weight easily within full range in all directions (dynamic)
3 = Good: Pt able to maintain balance without handheld support, limited postural sway (static); pt accepts mod challenges; able to maintain balance while picking object off floor (dynamic)
2 = Fair: Pt able to maintain balance with handheld support, may require min assistance (static); pt accepts min challenge, able to maintain balance while turning head/trunk (dynamic)
1 = Poor: Pt requires handheld support and mod to max assistance to maintain position (static); pt unable to accept challenge or move without loss of balance (dynamic)
0 = Absent: Pt unable to maintain balance
20
Q

Berg Balance Scale

A
  • Assesses fall risk
  • Categories: static, transitional, dynamic activities in sitting/standing
  • 14 tasks on an 0-4 ordinal scale, Max 56
  • Less than 45 = higher risk of fall
21
Q

BBS Scoring (Risk of fall)

A

> 45 = normal
41-45 = mild
34-41 = moderate
< 35 = severe

22
Q

Functional Reach Test

A
  • Assesses standing balance, risk of falling
  • Yard stick measures reach without moving feet
  • Average of 3 trials assessed in standing or sitting
23
Q

Function Reach Standards

A

20-40 yo: men 16.7” (+1.9); women 14.6 (+2.2)
41-69 yo: men 14.9” (+2.2); women 13.8 (+2.2)
70-87 yo: men 13.2” (+1.6); women 10.5 (+3.5)

24
Q

TUG Test

A
  • Assesses level of mobility and balance
  • Scores based on: amount of postural sway, excessive movements, reaching for support, side stepping, other signs of LOB
  • Requiring more than 20 seconds indicates increase in falls
25
Q

TUG Scoring

A

Normal: < 10 sec
Mild Impairment: 11-15 sec
Mod Impairment: 15-20 sec
Severe: > 20 sec

26
Q

Romberg Test

A
  • Assesses proprioceptive contribution
  • Unsupported standing > Feet together > UE folded > EO > EC
  • Normal = able to maintain position for 30 sec
27
Q

Romberg Scoring

A
  • Negative: No LOB when standing with feet together, arms crossed (EO or EC)
  • Positive: LOB when standing with feet together, arms crossed (EO or EC)
28
Q

Tinetti (POMA) Test

A
  • Assesses risk of falling during gait

- Two tests: Balance, Gait

29
Q

Tinetti Scoring

A
  • Max score: 28
  • Normal: > 24
  • Mild: 21-24
  • Mod: 17-20
  • Severe: < 17
30
Q

CTSIB Test

A
  • Determines effectiveness of different balance input system
  • 1st: determines baseline (all 3 systems)
  • 2nd: Visual is removed
  • 3rd: Visual reference is removed by use of dome (tests vestibular)
  • 4-6: Perform on foam for unstable somatosensory input
  • Monitor sway for 30 seconds on each position
31
Q

Activity Balance Confidence Scale

A
  • Self-report (16 point scale)
  • 0% = no confidence
  • 100% = completely confident
32
Q

Falls Efficacy Scale

A
  • Self-report
  • Low score = Less fear of falling
  • 70 = Fear of Falling

05 - Tests and Measurements (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions