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PSYCH 1000 > 05&06 - Tools of Discovery & CNS > Flashcards

05&06 - Tools of Discovery & CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 Major layers of the brain?

A

Brainstem and Thalamus (ref. as hindbrain)
Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex (limbic & cerebral can be ref. as forebrain)

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2
Q

How do Neuroscientists study the brain’s connections to behavior and mind?

A

they selectively lesion (destroy) tiny clusters of normal or defective brain cells and observe the effects.
Stimulate areas.
Record the brain’s electrical activity (EEG, PET, fMRI)

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3
Q

What are 3 ways of recording the brain’s electrical activity? What do they stand for?

A

EEG (electroencephalogram)
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
fMRI (functional MRI)

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4
Q

How does an EEG work?

A

Electroencephalogram - an amplified readout of waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

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5
Q

What is a legion?

A

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

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6
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

Positron Emission Tomography - a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs given tasks. (shows active areas of the brain by showing sugar glucose consumption - temporarily radioactive glucose that the person ingests prior to the scan)

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7
Q

What are MRI’s and fMRI’s?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging - a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. fMRI (functional MRI) take successive MRI scans and show them in succession to show brain functions.

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8
Q

What are the parts of the Brainstem? What are important parts within the same region? What is the function of the brainstem?

A 
Brainstem: Medulla, Pons
Surrounding: 
Reticular Formation (inside)
Cerebellum (at the back)
Thalamus (attached to the top)

stem: responsible for automatic survival functions.

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9
Q

What is the role of the Medulla?

A

controls heartbeat and breathing.

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10
Q

What is the role of the Pons?

A

helps coordinate movements.

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11
Q

Where is the “cross-over” point, where nerves from each side connect with the opposite side’s nerves?

A

The Brainstem

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12
Q

What is the role of the Reticular Formation?

A

filters incoming stimuli and relays important information to other ares of the brain. Involved with arousal (Cat exp. severed = coma, stimulated = alert)

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13
Q

What is the role of the Thalamus?

A

the brain’s SENSORY SWITCHBOARD receives information from senses (except smell) and routes it to the higher brain regions.
Also receives some signals to route to medulla and cerebullum.

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14
Q

What is the role of the Cerebellum?

A

“Little Brain” - rear of brainstem.
Mostly unconscious:
enables a type of nonverbal learning and memory. life-sustaining functions.
judge time, modulate emotions, discriminate sounds, textures. coordinates voluntary movement.
injury = loss of balance, difficult walking, shaky, jerky, exaggerated.

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15
Q

What are the parts of the Limbic System? What are its overall purposes?

A

Associated with emotions and drives.

The Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, and Pituitary Gland.

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16
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

process memory.

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17
Q

What’s the role of the Amygdala?

A

2 lima-bean sized structures - linked to emotion.
Influence and help process basic aggression and fear.
(lesion = mellow. stimulated (dep. where) = attack/terror)

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18
Q

What is the role of the Hypothalamus?

A

important link: governing body maintenance.
hunger, regulate thirst, body temp., sexual behavior.
Monitors blood chemistry.
Pleasure reward. (reward deficiency may stem here)
releases hormones which trigger adjacent Pituitary Gland.

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19
Q

What is the overall purpose of “older brain networks”?

A

sustain basic life functions: enable memory, emotions, basic drives.

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20
Q

What does the existence of the Cerebrum enable us to do?

A

perceiving, thinking, and speaker.

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21
Q

What is the cerebral Cortex?

A

ultimate control and information processing center.

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22
Q

What are “Glial Cells?

A

“glue cells”. like assistants to Neurons. provide nutrients, myelin, guide neural connections, mop up NT’s.

23
Q

Both hemisphere of the Cerebrum are devided further into four lobes. Name them:

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

24
Q

What are the frontal lobes involved in?

A

speaking, primary motor cortex and making plans and judgements.

25
Q

What are the parietal lobes involved in?

A

receives sensory input for touch and body position.

math, sensory perception, information & memory association?

26
Q

What are the occipital lobes involved in?

A

receives info from the visual fields.

27
Q

What are the temporal loves involved in?

A

auditory areas, receiving info primarily from opposite ear.

28
Q

there are two cortex’s just behind the frontal lobe. What are they?

A

Motor Cortex

Sensory Cortex

29
Q

Body areas requiring precise control occupy what?

A

more cortical space.

30
Q

Who discovered the motor cortex and L brain R brain - L body R body crossover?

A

in 1870, two German physicians;

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

31
Q

What could mapping the Motor cortex possibly enable?

A

Neural Prosthetics

32
Q

What is the sensory cortex?

A

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

33
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

in the temporal lobes, just behind our temples/ears.

34
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

involved in speech near the bottom (close to temples) of the frontal lobe.

35
Q

What are the association areas in the brain?

A

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved with motor or sensory function. Rather: learning, memory, thinking, speaker. “consciousness”?
link sensory inputs with memories; association.

36
Q

Who was Phineas Cage?

A

railroad worker, who had a tamping rod piercing (destroying) his tempral lobe. - metal abilities and memories intact, personality not. unrestrained.

37
Q

Which lobe is mathematical processes and spacial reasoning performed?

A

The parietal lobe

38
Q

What is plasticity?

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

39
Q

What is Neurogenesis?

A

The formation of new neurons.

40
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

41
Q

What is lateralization?

A

the brain’s two sides serve different functions.

42
Q

What does the left hemisphere specialize in?

A

reading, writing, speach (literal connections), arithmetic, reasoning, and understanding.

43
Q

Which two psychologists were influential in split-brain studies?

A

Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga

44
Q

What does the right hemisphere specialize in?

A

perceptual tasks.
understand and quick to react with simple requests, perceives objects, drawing, perceiving and portraying emotion, social conduct. inferences/make connections with speech.

45
Q

What is common with left-handed people? (good and bad)

A

GOOD: more common with musicians, mathematicians, professional baseball, architects, artists,
BAD: Migraines, disabilities allergies.

46
Q

What are the primary functions/parts of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

Broca’s area - speach

47
Q

What are the primary functions/parts of the Parietal Lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex (first place info goes to get processed.)
Touch
Mathematical and spacial abilities.

48
Q

What are the primary functions/parts of the Temporal Lobe?

A

Primary auditory cortex
Wernicke’s Area - language comprehension
receptive aphasia - can’t understand others.

49
Q

What are the primary functions/parts of the Occipital Lobe?

A

Primary Visual Cortex

50
Q

What are natural promoters of neurogenesis?

A

exercise, sleep, non-stressful stimulation

51
Q

What are two tools for Structural Neuroimaging?

A

CAT (x-rays)

MRI - Magnetic fields & radio waves

52
Q

What are two Structure and Function Neuroimaging tools?

A

PET - radioactive glucose

fMRI - blood flow and oxygen rlease

53
Q

What is a CT scan (or CAT)?

A

computed tomography.
series of x-ray photographs taken from dif. angles and combined by comp. into a composite representation of a slice through the body

PSYCH 1000 (11 decks)

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