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PSYCH 1000 > 01 - Story of Psych > Flashcards

01 - Story of Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

How was modern psychology born?

A

Wilhelm Wundt performed what is considered to be the first official experiment in December 1879 at the university of Leipzig, Germany. He also established the first psychology laboratory here.

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2
Q

How did the science of psychology start? (before modern)

A

Aristotle - before 300 BC - theorized about learning and memory, motivation and emotion, perception and personality.

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3
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.

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4
Q

Who was Edward Bradford Titchener?

A

Wundt’s student, who joined Cornell Univ. faculty and introduced structuralism.

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5
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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6
Q

How did William James contribute to the field of psychology?

A

Advocate of Functionalism. Wrote the brilliant and elegant, “Principles of Psychology” that introduced the public to psychology. Highly influenced by the evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin.

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7
Q

How was psychology defined in the 1920’s?

A

“the science of mental life”

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8
Q

How was psychology defined between 20’s and 60’s?

A

the “scientific study of observable behaviour”. Watson & Skinner dismissed introspection as unscientific.

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9
Q

What is Behaviorism?

A

the view that psych 1) should be an objective science 2) studies behavior without ref. to mental processes. (1 is mostly accepted now my research psych. but not with 2)

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10
Q

What is Humanistic Psychology?

A

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.
** emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.

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11
Q

Who founded Humanistic Psychology?

A

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) - found behaviorism too mechanistic.

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12
Q

When was the beginning of the Cognitive Revolution?

A

60’s on.

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13
Q

What is Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

studies brain activity linked with mental activity.

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14
Q

Define psychology.

A

the science of behavior and mental processes.

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15
Q

What is the “Big question” of psychology?

A

Nature vs Nurture.

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16
Q

What was Plato’s view on the Nature vs Nurture debate?

A

assumed that character and intelligence are largely inherited and certain ideas are inborn.

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17
Q

What was Aristotle’s view on the Nature vs Nurture debate?

A

nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the senses.

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18
Q

Who were to 1600’s european philosophers who rekindled the Nature vs Nurture debate? What were their views?

A 
John Locke (rejected notion of inborn ideas - mind is a blank sheet on which experience writes)
Rene Descates (some ideas are innate)
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19
Q

What are psychology’s “three main levels of Analysis”?

A

biopsychosocial - Biology, psychological, social/cultural. Each is a viable vantage point in looking at behavior, but by itself each is incomplete.

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20
Q

What are psychology’s 7 current perspectives?

A
  1. Neuroscience
  2. Evolutionary
  3. Behaviour Genetics
  4. Psychodynamic
  5. Behavioural
  6. Cognitive
  7. Social-cultural
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21
Q

What are 5 fields of psychology?

A
  1. Basic Research
  2. Applied Research
  3. Counseling Psychologists
  4. Clinical Psychologists
  5. Psychiatrists
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22
Q

What is SQ3R?

A

Survey, question, read, rehearse, review.

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23
Q

Thinking and memory operate on what two levels?

A

conscious and unconscious.

24
Q

What two phenomena illustrate why we cannot rely on intuition?

A

Hindsight bias and Judgmental overconfidence (or just overconfidence)

25
Q

Describe the scientific attitude.

A

curious skepticism, humility, and open-mindedness. “the rat is always right”

26
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

theory - hypothesis - research & observe, repeat

27
Q

What does a theory do?

A

explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. A good theory produces testable prediction, called a hypothesis.

28
Q

What are operational definitions?

A

a detailed report of procedures and concepts of purported experiment.

29
Q

According to Aristotle, where is the source of our personality?

A

The Heart

30
Q

What were the 5 early schools of psychology? (2 primarily important for this mod)

A 
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt Psychology
Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis
31
Q

Why did Structuralism wane?

A

required smart, verbal people to participate in introspective experiments. Also unreliable since results vary from person to person and experience to experience. Introspection waned, as did structuralism.

32
Q

Who was Mary Calkins?

A

The first female admitted into William James’s graduate seminar at Harvard. When all others dropped out, James tutored her alone. She outscored all male students on the qualifying exam. Wrote the influential book “The Animal mind” and was the second female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.

33
Q

Who were the two pioneering behaviorists during 20’s-60’s?

A

John B. Watson & B.F Skinner

34
Q

Who were the psychologists who demonstrated conditioned responses on “Little Albert”

A

John B. Watson & Rosaline Rayner

35
Q

Describe the nature-nurture issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

36
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

37
Q

What is the focus of Neuroscience?

A

How the body and brain enable emotions , memories, and sensory experiences.

38
Q

What is the focus of the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

A

How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes

39
Q

What is the focus of behavioral genetics?

A

How much our genes and our env. influence our individual differences.

40
Q

What is the focus of the psychodynamic perspective?

A

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.

41
Q

What is the focus of the behavioral psychological perspective?

A

How we learn observable responses.

42
Q

What is the focus of the Cognitive psychological perspective?

A

How we encode, process, store and retrieve information.

43
Q

What is the focus of the social-cultural psychological perspective?

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

44
Q

What is basic research?

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

45
Q

What is applied research?

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

46
Q

What is counseling psychology?

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

46
Q

What is the goal of psychology?

A

Understand, describe and predicts behavior. Turn chaos into order. Find patterns. Control.

47
Q

What are examples of subfields of basic research?

A 
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Personality
Social
48
Q

What do biological psychologist explore?

A

Explore the links between the brain and mind

49
Q

What do developmental psychologists study?

A

Changing abilities from womb tomb.

50
Q

What do cognitive psychologists study?

A

How we perceive, think, and solve problems.

51
Q

What do personality psychologists study?

A

They investigate are persistent traits

52
Q

What do social psychologists explore?

A

How we view and affect what another

53
Q

What is the aim of applied psychology/research?

A

Aims to solve practical problems; help people perform their best; change real world problems (safety and design improvements, job satisfaction, training and selection)

54
Q

What are the three main levels of analysis in contemporary psychology?

A

Biological, psychological, social – cultural influences

PSYCH 1000 (11 decks)

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