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PSYCH 1000 > 03 - Research Strategies > Flashcards

03 - Research Strategies Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three types of research methods?

A
  1. Experimental
  2. Correlational
  3. Descriptive
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2
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

Explains through integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

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3
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A testable prediction, after implied by theory.

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4
Q

What is on operational definition?

A

A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what on intelligence test measures.

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5
Q

What is replication?

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, To see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

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6
Q

What is a descriptive research method, What is its basic purpose, how is it conducted (examples), and what is its weakness?

A
  1. To observe and record behavior.
  2. Do case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations.
  3. No control of variables; single cases may be misleading
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7
Q

What is the correlational research method, What is its basic purpose, how is it conducted, and what is its weakness?

A
  1. To the text naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another.
  2. Compute statistical Association, sometimes among survey responses
  3. Does not specify cause and effect
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8
Q

What is the experimental research method, what is its basic purpose, how’s it conducted, and what are its weaknesses?

A
  1. To explore cause-and-effect
  2. Manipulating one or more factors; use random assignment
  3. Sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize to other contexts; not ethical to manipulate certain variables
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9
Q

What are 3 types of descriptive research methods?

A

Naturalistic observation
the case study
the survey.

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10
Q

What is the case study?

A

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

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11
Q

What is the survey?

A

A technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

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12
Q

What are aspects of the survey that we must keep in mind?

A 
Wording effects
Random sampling (Population and random)
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13
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

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14
Q

What is a correlation?

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors very together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

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15
Q

What is the correlation coefficient?

A

A statistical measure of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) - the extent to which two factors vary together. how well either factor predicts the other.

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16
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The experimental factor that is being manipulated. The variable whose effect is being studied.

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17
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable being measured. The experimental factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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18
Q

What is the experimental condition?

A

The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

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19
Q

What is the control condition (group)?

A

The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental treatment. (Placebo.)

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20
Q

What is the double-blind procedure?

A

Both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.

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21
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone.

22
Q

What are four facts we can gather from data alone?

A

Frequency, duration, strength, latency.

23
Q

What are two types of psychological data?

A 
Behavioral data (Observable)
Electrophysiological data
24
Q

What does the electrophysiological method of gathering data measure?

A

Measures autonomic nervous system activity (Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, pupil size, stress hormones)

25
Q

What are ways of measuring brain function?

A

EEG, fMRI, PET

26
Q

What are three types of variables?

A

Independent variable,
dependent variable
confounding variable

27
Q

Choosing a research method determines and is determined by the amount of what?

A

Control

28
Q

What are three categories of the experimental research method?

A

True experiment
Quasi/pseudo-experiment
Field experiment

29
Q

How can data in the correlational method be categorized?

A

Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Zero correlation

30
Q

What are using the correlation method to organize data?

A

Scatterplot, or histogram

31
Q

What information can be gathered from a scatterplot?

A

Slope - Direction of the relationship (pos. neg. cor.)

Scatter - Strength of Cor.

32
Q

What can be interpreted from the correlation coefficient? (r=-1)

A

Magnitude (Closer to 1 +/- is a stronger relationship)
Direction (+ by -)
0 = no relationship

33
Q

Correlation/association need not prove what?

A

Causation

34
Q

What are illusory correlations?

A

The perception of a relationship where none exists.

35
Q

What is a branch of mathematics used in analyzing data?

A

Statistics

36
Q

What are two branches of statistics?

A

Descriptive (Simplifying/organize data)

Inferential (Interpret, make decisions - statistical significance)

37
Q

What is frequency distribution?

A

Listing all possible scores and the frequency with which they occurred

38
Q

What is the shape of normal distribution?

A

Symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

39
Q

What are three ways of measuring central tendency?

A

Mode
Mean
Median

40
Q

What is “mode” In measuring central tendency?

A

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

41
Q

What is “mean” In measuring central tendency?

A

The arithmetic average of the distribution (usually the most accurate measure of central tendency)
m = sum of all scores / #of scores

42
Q

What is “median” In measuring central tendency?

A

The middle score in a distribution.

put scores in ascending or descending order. Median is the middle.

43
Q

Fill in: Experiments aim to manipulate an __1__, measure the __2__, and control all other __3__, Has at least two different groups; an ___4___ group and a __5___ or ___6___ group. ___7___ works to equate the groups before any treatment effects.

A
  1. IV
  2. DV
  3. confounding variables
  4. experimental group
  5. control or comparison
  6. random assignment
44
Q

What are ways of measuring variability?

A
  1. Range
  2. Standard Deviation (s = sum of (Xi - M2)/n
    Normal curve?
45
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A complicated measure of how much scores vary around the mean.

46
Q

What is the range?

A

The difference between the highest and lowest in a distribution of data

47
Q

What does variability = mean +/- 1s refer to?

A

68% of data will fall between the mean and 1 standard deviation.

48
Q

How do you figure out standard deviation?

A

square root of the sum of (deviations)2 devided by number of scores.

49
Q

In Statistics, what must the probability be, for most psychologists, if data is considered significant? (p =?)

A

p < 0.5 = significant (.01, .02)

p > 0.5 - non-significant (0.6, .10)

50
Q

What is the contemporary view on the nature-nurture debate?

A

Nurture works on what nature endows.

PSYCH 1000 (11 decks)

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