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PSYCH 1000 > 04 - Neural & Hormonal Systems > Flashcards

04 - Neural & Hormonal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Where did Plato believe in mind was located?

A

The head

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2
Q

Who created phrenology?

A

The German physician Franz Galll in the 1800s

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3
Q

What do biological psychologists study?

A

Links between biological activity and psychological events

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4
Q

What is A neuron?

A

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

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5
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

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7
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

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8
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

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9
Q

What is an axon?

A

The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

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10
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

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11
Q

What is action potential?

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down and axon.

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12
Q

What are three types of neurons?

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor
Interneurons

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13
Q

What are the main components of a neuron?

A

Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon (Myelin Sheath, nodes)
Terminal Buttons

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14
Q

Compared to a computer how fast does your brain operate?

A

Impulses travel 3 Million times slower.

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15
Q

What causes an action potential and neuron?

A

When stimulated by signals from our senses or when triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons.

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16
Q

How do Neurons generate electricity?

A

from chemical events (like batteries)

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17
Q

What are ions?

A

Electrically charged atoms

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18
Q

What is a resting potential?

A

The state of negatively charged ions in the fluid interior of a resting axon, and positively charged ions outside. (-70 mV interior)

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19
Q

What does it mean to say an Axon is selectively permeable?

A

Very selective about what it allows in. (gates that block positive sodium ions)

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the cell body?

A

life support center of the neuron.

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21
Q

Who were Hodgkin and Huxley?

A

1940’s nobel price winners for their work in Neuroscience. RMP - resting membrane potential. (-70 millivolts (mV)

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22
Q

What is the RMP of a neuron?

A

Resting Membrane Potential. -70 mV. Always partically charged. fire easier if always ready.

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23
Q

What occurs during the action potential at the ion level?

A

when N is stimulated, voltage-gated channels open, Na+ rush in and are pumped out (membrane doesn’t like positively charged sodium) Sodium potassium(K+) pumps open and close down axon.

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24
Q

What changes a Neuron’s polarity? Levels of stimulation?

A

Stimulation. Weak = no fire (-60mV)

Threshold (MP = -55mV) = fire. Reverse polarity,/depolarization.

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25
What is a threshold?
level of stimulation required to trigger a nerual impulse.
26
How is an action potential reached? (when discussing threshold)
When excitatory signals - inhibitory signals exceed the threshold, an action potential is reached.
27
What is Summation?
the combined effects of all signals (excitatory and inhibitory) reaching a N’s dendrites.
28
Where does communication between Neurons happen?
at the synapse
29
What are the 5 components of a Synapse?
``` Dendrites (of receiving N) Terminal Buttons (of sending N) Synaptic Vesicles Neurotransmitters Receptors ```
30
What is the crossover called between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron?
a Synaptic Gap/Cleft
31
What are neurotransmitters?
chemical messengers
32
What is reuptake?
a sending N reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules.
33
What are some 6 types of Neurotransmitters?
``` Aceylcholine (ACh) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) Glutamate ```
34
What is the Function of acetylcholine?
Enables muscle action, learning, and memory.
35
What's the function of dopamine?
Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's.
36
What is the function of serotonin?
Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. | involved with MOOD REGULATION
37
What's the function of Norepinephrine?
helps control alertness and arousal
38
What's the function of GABA?
(gamma-aminobutyric acid) a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
39
What's the function of Glutamate?
A major excitation neurotransmitter; involved in memory.
40
What are endorphins?
"morphine within" - Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure "runner's high"
41
What is the affect of morphine?
elevates mood and eases pain.
42
What are two types of Summation?
Temporal | Spatial
43
What is Temporal Summation?
The summation of potentials from stimuli at different times (but through one dendrite)
44
What is spatial summation?
The summation of potentials from stimuli at different locations (coming into one cell body from different dendrites)
45
What are two types of affects drugs have in Neurotransmission?
Agonist (mimics, imitates/blocks relase) | Antagonist (blocks at receptor site)
46
What is an example of an Agonist drug?
LSD - mimics serotonin
47
What is an example of an antagonist drug?
Curare, botox, ACh (paralysis)
48
What are Neuropeptides?
Protein molecules similar to neurotransmitters, but with a more specialized role, releasing in response to environment. ( eg. Endorphins. dealing with pain relief, and pleasure - sex, chocolate, etc.)
49
What is the Nervous System?
Our body's speedy electrochemical communications network.
50
What are the two networks within the Nervous System?
The Central Nervous System (CNS) | The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
51
What are two main components of the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord
52
What is the purpose of the peripheral nervous system?
Communicate with the bodies sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
53
What are nerves?
At songs that are bundled into "electrical cables"
54
what are two sub-systems within the PNS?
Autonomic (self-regulated/involuntary actions of internal organs) Somatic (voluntary movements of skeletal muscles)
55
What are two sub-systems of the Autonomic NS?
Sympathetic (arousing) | Parasympathetic (calming)
56
What is the role of the Sympathetic NS?
arouses us; mobilizes energy ("fight or flight")
57
What is the role of the parasympathetic NS?
Combs us; the stores energy
58
What are the two tracts within the spinal cord?
Ascending (in from sensory) | Descending (out to motor)
59
How is information dealt with in the spinal cord?
Relay station. | Control center for reflexes.
60
What are clusters of Neurons into works groups called?
Neural Networks
61
What two nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state?
Sympathetic | Parasympathetic
62
What neural activity reflects learning a new skill? (such as playing violin)
strengthening connections between neurons in neural networks. Short, fast connections.
63
What is the Endocrine System?
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
64
What are hormones?
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.
65
What are adrenal glands?
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
66
What is the pituitary gland?
the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
67
What two chemical messengers released by the adrenal glands influence heart rate, blood sugar, and give us a surge of energy?
Epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenline)
68
What is the most influencial endocrine gland?
the pituitary gland
69
Where is the pituitary gland located?
a pea sized structure located in the core of the brain, adjacent to the hypothalamus.
70
What does the pituitary gland do?
releases hormones that influence growth, release of hromones, by other endocrine glands. "master gland" whose master is the hypothalamus...

PSYCH 1000 (11 decks)

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