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PSYCH 1000 > 04 - Neural & Hormonal Systems > Flashcards

04 - Neural & Hormonal Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Where did Plato believe in mind was located?

A

The head

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2
Q

Who created phrenology?

A

The German physician Franz Galll in the 1800s

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3
Q

What do biological psychologists study?

A

Links between biological activity and psychological events

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4
Q

What is A neuron?

A

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

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5
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

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7
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

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8
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

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9
Q

What is an axon?

A

The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

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10
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

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11
Q

What is action potential?

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down and axon.

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12
Q

What are three types of neurons?

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor
Interneurons

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13
Q

What are the main components of a neuron?

A

Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon (Myelin Sheath, nodes)
Terminal Buttons

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14
Q

Compared to a computer how fast does your brain operate?

A

Impulses travel 3 Million times slower.

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15
Q

What causes an action potential and neuron?

A

When stimulated by signals from our senses or when triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons.

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16
Q

How do Neurons generate electricity?

A

from chemical events (like batteries)

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17
Q

What are ions?

A

Electrically charged atoms

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18
Q

What is a resting potential?

A

The state of negatively charged ions in the fluid interior of a resting axon, and positively charged ions outside. (-70 mV interior)

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19
Q

What does it mean to say an Axon is selectively permeable?

A

Very selective about what it allows in. (gates that block positive sodium ions)

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the cell body?

A

life support center of the neuron.

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21
Q

Who were Hodgkin and Huxley?

A

1940’s nobel price winners for their work in Neuroscience. RMP - resting membrane potential. (-70 millivolts (mV)

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22
Q

What is the RMP of a neuron?

A

Resting Membrane Potential. -70 mV. Always partically charged. fire easier if always ready.

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23
Q

What occurs during the action potential at the ion level?

A

when N is stimulated, voltage-gated channels open, Na+ rush in and are pumped out (membrane doesn’t like positively charged sodium) Sodium potassium(K+) pumps open and close down axon.

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24
Q

What changes a Neuron’s polarity? Levels of stimulation?

A

Stimulation. Weak = no fire (-60mV)

Threshold (MP = -55mV) = fire. Reverse polarity,/depolarization.

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25
Q

What is a threshold?

A

level of stimulation required to trigger a nerual impulse.

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26
Q

How is an action potential reached? (when discussing threshold)

A

When excitatory signals - inhibitory signals exceed the threshold, an action potential is reached.

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27
Q

What is Summation?

A

the combined effects of all signals (excitatory and inhibitory) reaching a N’s dendrites.

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28
Q

Where does communication between Neurons happen?

A

at the synapse

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29
Q

What are the 5 components of a Synapse?

A 
Dendrites (of receiving N) 
Terminal Buttons (of sending N)
Synaptic Vesicles
Neurotransmitters
Receptors
30
Q

What is the crossover called between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron?

A

a Synaptic Gap/Cleft

31
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers

32
Q

What is reuptake?

A

a sending N reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules.

33
Q

What are some 6 types of Neurotransmitters?

A 
Aceylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Glutamate
34
Q

What is the Function of acetylcholine?

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory.

35
Q

What’s the function of dopamine?

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s.

36
Q

What is the function of serotonin?

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal.

involved with MOOD REGULATION

37
Q

What’s the function of Norepinephrine?

A

helps control alertness and arousal

38
Q

What’s the function of GABA?

A

(gamma-aminobutyric acid) a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

39
Q

What’s the function of Glutamate?

A

A major excitation neurotransmitter; involved in memory.

40
Q

What are endorphins?

A

“morphine within” - Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure “runner’s high”

41
Q

What is the affect of morphine?

A

elevates mood and eases pain.

42
Q

What are two types of Summation?

A

Temporal

Spatial

43
Q

What is Temporal Summation?

A

The summation of potentials from stimuli at different times (but through one dendrite)

44
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

The summation of potentials from stimuli at different locations (coming into one cell body from different dendrites)

45
Q

What are two types of affects drugs have in Neurotransmission?

A

Agonist (mimics, imitates/blocks relase)

Antagonist (blocks at receptor site)

46
Q

What is an example of an Agonist drug?

A

LSD - mimics serotonin

47
Q

What is an example of an antagonist drug?

A

Curare, botox, ACh (paralysis)

48
Q

What are Neuropeptides?

A

Protein molecules similar to neurotransmitters, but with a more specialized role, releasing in response to environment. ( eg. Endorphins. dealing with pain relief, and pleasure - sex, chocolate, etc.)

49
Q

What is the Nervous System?

A

Our body’s speedy electrochemical communications network.

50
Q

What are the two networks within the Nervous System?

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

51
Q

What are two main components of the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

52
Q

What is the purpose of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Communicate with the bodies sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

53
Q

What are nerves?

A

At songs that are bundled into “electrical cables”

54
Q

what are two sub-systems within the PNS?

A

Autonomic (self-regulated/involuntary actions of internal organs)
Somatic (voluntary movements of skeletal muscles)

55
Q

What are two sub-systems of the Autonomic NS?

A

Sympathetic (arousing)

Parasympathetic (calming)

56
Q

What is the role of the Sympathetic NS?

A

arouses us; mobilizes energy (“fight or flight”)

57
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Combs us; the stores energy

58
Q

What are the two tracts within the spinal cord?

A

Ascending (in from sensory)

Descending (out to motor)

59
Q

How is information dealt with in the spinal cord?

A

Relay station.

Control center for reflexes.

60
Q

What are clusters of Neurons into works groups called?

A

Neural Networks

61
Q

What two nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

62
Q

What neural activity reflects learning a new skill? (such as playing violin)

A

strengthening connections between neurons in neural networks. Short, fast connections.

63
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

64
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

65
Q

What are adrenal glands?

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

66
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

67
Q

What two chemical messengers released by the adrenal glands influence heart rate, blood sugar, and give us a surge of energy?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenline)

68
Q

What is the most influencial endocrine gland?

A

the pituitary gland

69
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

a pea sized structure located in the core of the brain, adjacent to the hypothalamus.

70
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

releases hormones that influence growth, release of hromones, by other endocrine glands. “master gland” whose master is the hypothalamus…

PSYCH 1000 (11 decks)

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