(04) Viral Pathogenesis 2

Question 1

1. What are two things that can be meant by “emerging”?
2. What are two things that could cause a disease to be considered “rapidly expanding”?
3. What are three factors accounting for emergence?

Answer 1

1. new or rapidly emerging
2. increase in range of host or increase in disease prevalence
3. ecological, environmental, and demographic

Question 2

(Emerging Infectious Disease Facts)

1. What percent of human disease pathogens are considered emerging?
2. How many diseases are considered emerging or re-emerging?
3. What percentage of EID are zoonotic? Most involve what?

Answer 2

1. 13%
2. 177
3. 73%; wildlife

Question 3

Look at this a little

Question 4

1. What are diseases of vertebrate animals that can be transmitted to man? Done directly or indirectly?
2. What are some examples?

Answer 4

1. zoonoses; can be either
2. rabies, hantaviruses, lassa, ebola fevers, and influenza

Question 5

1. What is anthropozoonoses?
2. What is zooanthroponoses?

Answer 5

1. transmission is from animals to man (rabies)
2. transmission is from man to animals (tuberculosis, swine influenza)

Question 6

take a gander at this

Can cats get influenza from humans?

Answer 6

yes - it has occurred!

Question 7

(Virus Transmission)

1. can viruses only survive in nature if they can be transmitted from one host to another?

Answer 7

1. uh-huh - either within or across species

Question 8

(Modes of Virus Transmission)

1. What are examples of horizontal transmission?
2. What are examples of vertical transmission?

Answer 8

1. direct contact, indirect contact, fecal-oral, airborne, arthropod borne, nosocomial, zoonotic
2. dam to embryo or fetus; during or shortly after parturition, to newborn

Question 9

1. What is it called when a suscceptible host conctracts an infection either by physical contact with an infected host?
2. What is it called when it is via skin or mucous membranes?
3. what is the major route for rabies?

Answer 9

1. direct transmission
2. percutaneous
3. bites

Question 10

(Monkeypox)

1. What virus causes this?

(transmission)

2. what is the reservoir?
3. between species?

(Don’t worry too much about learning these next two)

4. Symptoms in animals?
5. humans?

Answer 10

1. orthopoxvirus (related to smallpox)
2. african squirrel
3. zoonotic, animal to animal, person to person
4. fever, rash, pustules, conjunctivities
5. flu-like, rash, pustules, lymphadenopathy

Question 11

(Common Vehicle Transmission)

(oral)

1. major importance, especially for microbes that have what? also give a couple of examples
2. Includes vast majority of what type of pathogen?
3. contaminated feeds (prions)
4. contaminated feed surfaces
5. licking
6. consumption of host

Answer 11

1. feceal -> oral; coronavirus, norwalk
2. enteric pathogens

Question 12

1. What is it called when an intermediary vehicle transmits the infectious agent between infected and and susceptible host?
2. What is the name of this intermediary vehicle?

Answer 12

1. indirect transmission
2. fomite

example - nasal discharge on contaminated bucket bringing herpes from farm to farm in EHV-1, PRRSV (needles, boots, coveralls can transmit PRRSV)

Question 13

1. What is it called when spread by doctor or during medical or surgical procedures?

*vaccines can also get contaminated by virus

*also rabies through transplant tissues

Answer 13

1. Iatrogenic

Question 14

(Airborne Transmission)

1. How far can large droplets travel?
2. How far can droplet nuclei travel?

*also dust (depends on ventilation and wind)

Answer 14

1. 1 meter (eg infected placental fluid)
2. travel many kms (sneezing and coughing)

Question 15

(Arthropod transmission)

1. When an insect vector is involved, the disease is also known as a what disease?
2. 5. Is arbovirus a family of virus?
3. blood sucking?
4. Hundreds of these (name three)

Answer 15

1. an arboviral disease
2. 5. no
3. yes
4. encephalitis, febrile diseases, hemorrhagic fevers

Question 16

(Arthropod Transmission)

1. Are the vectors usually animate?
2. just look at this

Answer 16

1. yes

Question 17

(Vectors)

1. what is it called when the infectious agent replicates in the vector (typically an arthropod)?
2. What is it called when it is physical transfer of infectious agent only?

Answer 17

1. biologic
2. mechanical

Question 18

look at this slide a little

maybe know the main groups

Question 19

1. What are nosocomial infections?
2. What are examples of veterinary viruses-nosocomial?

Answer 19

1. hospital acquired infections
2. canine parvovirus, porcine cytomegalovirus

Question 20

1. Is Avian Leukosis transmitted horizontal or vertical?
2. which one causes leukemia?

Answer 20

1. both
2. vertical (through eggs)

Question 21

1. Is porcine parvovirus transmitted horizontal or vertical?
2. If crossing over takes place late in gestation, what can occur?

Answer 21

1. usually only vertical

get different outcomes depending on stage of gestation

2. fetus can fight it

Question 22

start reading here…. pay extra attention to first two slides…. just read over teh rest