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Gastrointestinal System > 02.2 Embryonic Development > Flashcards

02.2 Embryonic Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the external lining of the gut derived from?

A

Splanchinic mesoderm

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2
Q

What is a foregut derivative?

A 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum (proximal to bile duct entrance)
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3
Q

What a re the derivatives of the midgut?

A 
Duodenum (distal to the bile duct)
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum 
Ascending colon
Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
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4
Q

What are the derivatives of the hind gut?

A 
Distal 1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Upper anal canal
Internal lining of the bladder and urethra
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5
Q

What supplies blood to the foregut?

A

Coeliac trunk

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6
Q

What supplies blood to the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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7
Q

What supplies blood to the hind gut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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8
Q

Which organs of the GI tract have a mixed blood supply?

A

Duodenum
Pancreas

Both have both coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery blood supply.

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9
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

Double layer of peritoneum suspending the gut tube from the abdominal wall

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10
Q

What mesentery is present on the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A

Dorsal mesentery

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11
Q

What mesentery is only present on the foregut?

A

Ventral mesentery

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12
Q

What forms the greater omentum?

A

Dorsal mesentery

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13
Q

What forms the lesser omentum and what can therefore be conducted?

A

Ventral mesentery

The free edge can conduct the portal triad

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14
Q

What does stomach rotation create?

A

Greater and lesser omenta

Repositions stomach so that greater curvature is inferior and left and the cardia and pylorus are away from the midline.

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15
Q

What forms the barrier between the oesophagus and the trachea?

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

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16
Q

What abnormalities can occur from the tracheoesophageal septum?

A

Proximal blind end oesophagus

Tracheoesophageal fistula

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17
Q

What forms the liver?

A

The hepatic bud within the central mesentery

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18
Q

What does the term secondarily retroperitoneal mean?

A

Began development in the peritoneum but excessive growth causes the mesentery to be lost through fusion at the posterior abdominal wall.

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19
Q

What are the secondarily retroperitoneal structures of the foregut?

A

Duodenum (except cap)

Pancreas

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20
Q

Why does the midgut run out of space in the abdomen?

A

Elongates very quickly

Liver is in the way

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21
Q

What is the axis of the midgut loop?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

Vitelline duct

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22
Q

After physiological herniation into the umbilical cord how does the midgut rotate?

A

270 degrees anti-clockwise

First turn during herniation
Cranial limb then returns first moving it to the left side
Caecum then descends

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23
Q

What are common types of malrotations of the midgut and what do they result in?

A

Incomplete rotation - only makes one 90 degree rotation - left sided colon
Reversed rotation - makes one 90 degree rotation but clockwise - transverse colon is posterior to the duodenum

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24
Q

What is a potential complication of midgut rotation defects?

A

Volvulus

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25
What is the internal lining of the gut formed from?
Endoderm
26
What is the external lining of the gut derived from?
Splanchinic mesoderm
27
What is a foregut derivative?
``` Oesophagus Stomach Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Duodenum (proximal to bile duct entrance) ```
28
What a re the derivatives of the midgut?
``` Duodenum (distal to the bile duct) Jejunum Ileum Caecum Ascending colon Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon ```
29
What are the derivatives of the hind gut?
``` Distal 1/3 transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Upper anal canal Internal lining of the bladder and urethra ```
30
What supplies blood to the foregut?
Coeliac trunk
31
What supplies blood to the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
32
What supplies blood to the hind gut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
33
Which organs of the GI tract have a mixed blood supply?
Duodenum Pancreas Both have both coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery blood supply.
34
What is a mesentery?
Double layer of peritoneum suspending the gut tube from the abdominal wall
35
What mesentery is present on the foregut, midgut and hindgut?
Dorsal mesentery
36
What mesentery is only present on the foregut?
Ventral mesentery
37
What forms the greater omentum?
Dorsal mesentery
38
What forms the lesser omentum and what can therefore be conducted?
Ventral mesentery | The free edge can conduct the portal triad
39
What does stomach rotation create?
Greater and lesser omenta Repositions stomach so that greater curvature is inferior and left and the cardia and pylorus are away from the midline.
40
What forms the barrier between the oesophagus and the trachea?
Tracheoesophageal septum
41
What abnormalities can occur from the tracheoesophageal septum?
Proximal blind end oesophagus | Tracheoesophageal fistula
42
What forms the liver?
The hepatic bud within the central mesentery
43
What does the term secondarily retroperitoneal mean?
Began development in the peritoneum but excessive growth causes the mesentery to be lost through fusion at the posterior abdominal wall.
44
What are the secondarily retroperitoneal structures of the foregut?
Duodenum (except cap) | Pancreas
45
Why does the midgut run out of space in the abdomen?
Elongates very quickly | Liver is in the way
46
What is the axis of the midgut loop?
Superior mesenteric artery | Vitelline duct
47
After physiological herniation into the umbilical cord how does the midgut rotate?
270 degrees anti-clockwise First turn during herniation Cranial limb then returns first moving it to the left side Caecum then descends
48
What are common types of malrotations of the midgut and what do they result in?
Incomplete rotation - only makes one 90 degree rotation - left sided colon Reversed rotation - makes one 90 degree rotation but clockwise - transverse colon is posterior to the duodenum
49
What is a potential complication of midgut rotation defects?
Volvulus
50
What is the internal lining of the gut formed from?
Endoderm
51
What is the difference between a vitelline cyst and a vitelline fistula?
Vitelline cyst is a pocket where the vitilline duct used to be that does not open up onto the umbilicus or the midgut Vitelline fistula is a fully patent vitelline duct where the midgut can communicate with the umbillicus
52
Other that a vitelline cyst or fistula what other abnormality can occur due the the remnants of the vitelline duct?
Meckel's diverticulum
53
Where is the most likely place for recanalisation to fail?
Duodenum
54
What can happen if recanalisation of the GI tract is unsuccessful?
Atresia | Stenosis
55
Why is pyloric stenosis not an example of recanalisation failure?
Actually due to pyloric sphincter hypertrophy
56
What is gastroschisis?
Failure of closure of the abdominal wall during folding of the embryo. This leaves the gut tube and derivatives outside the body cavity.
57
What is omphalocoele/exomphalos?
Persistence of physiological herniation | This is different to an umbilical hernia as there is no skin covering
58
What is the pectinate line?
The line that splits the histologically different upper and lower anal canal
59
What is the difference between the epithelia above and below the pectinate line?
Above - columnar epithelium | Below - stratified squamous epithelium
60
What is the difference in blood supply above and below the pectinate line?
Above - IMA | Below - Pudenal artery
61
What is the difference in nervous supply above and below the pectinate line?
Above - parasympathetic pelvic nerve | Below - pudenal nerve
62
What are potential hindgut abnormalities?
Imperforate anus Hindgut fistulae (eg rectum to bladder) Anorectal agenesis

Gastrointestinal System (18 decks)

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