01.1 General Function and Abnormalities Flashcards
What are properties of saliva?
Hypotonic
Bacteriostatic
Alkaline
Lubricates food
What is the function of the stomach?
Disruption of the food bolus
Secretes acid and enzymes to break down tissues and disinfect
Delivers this ‘chyme’ periodically to the duodenum
What is the tonicity of the chyme entering the duodenum?
Hypertonic
What is the pH of the chyme entering the duodenum?
Low.
Why does the chyme become isotonic in the duodenum?
The duodenum is permeable to water (unlike the stomach) so water moves into the lumen.
How is the pH neutralised in the duodenum?
Bile and alkaline solution is added by the liver and pancreas
Which portion of the duodenum are enzymes added and the chyme neutralised?
2nd part.
What is the function of the small intestine?
Absorb nutrients and electrolytes
Absorbs the majority of water
What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorbs some of the remaining water (makes the transit time slow)
What makes up the mucosa of the intestines?
Simple columnar epithelia with micro villi
Laminar propria
Muscularis mucosa
What are the layers of the intestines deeper than the mucosa?
Submucosa
Muscularity externae
Adventitia
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
What can cause dysphagia?
Stroke
Tumour obstruction/stricture
Aortic aneurysm obstruction
What are oesophageal varices?
Where the portal venous system is overloaded so blood is diverted via the oesophagus leading to the dilation of its veins.
Where can peptic ulceration occur?
Stomach
Duodenum
Where is the most likely place for a gastric ulcer to form?
Lesser curve of the stomach
Where is the most likely place for a duodenal ulcer to form?
1st part of the duodenum.
When can Peyer’s patches become enlarged?
Lymphoma
What is Meckel’s diverticulum?
Remnant of the vitilline duct roughly 2 feet proximal to the ileocaecal valve.
What is a volvulus?
Where the sigmoid twists on itself causing the mesentery to block of its blood supply leading to ischaemia.
What are diverticulum?
Out pouches of the colon.
What are haemorrhoids?
Dilatation of the superior rectal veins.
What is mastication?
Process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth.
