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MT6321 > 02 Staining & Immunohistochemistry > Flashcards

02 Staining & Immunohistochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

processes that generally employ a dye or chemical that has an affinity for the particular tissue component that is to be demonstrated

A

special staining

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2
Q

color of neuropathological:

Vogt’s method for Nissl subtance

A

purple

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3
Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Gallocyanin (Einarson’s) method for Nissl substance

A

blue

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4
Q

color of neuropathological stain:

modified aldehyde-thionine pas for nissl substance

A

blue

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5
Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Bielcschowsky method for neurofibrils

A

black

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6
Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Bodian’s method for nerve fibers & nerve endings

A

black

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7
Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Holmes method for nerve cells & fibers

A

black

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8
Q

color of neuropathological stain:

Luxol fast for myelin

A

blue

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9
Q

application of immunologic principles and techniques to the study of cells and tissues

A

immunohistochemistry

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10
Q

most commonly used methods for immunohistochemistry

A

peroxidase-antiperoxidase immune complex
biotin avidin immunoenzymatic technique

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11
Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

antibody is inappropriate, denatured, or used at a wrong concentration

A

false neg

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12
Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

loss of antigen through autolysis

A

false neg

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13
Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

loss of antigen through autolysis

A

false neg

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14
Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

presence of antigen is at a density below the level of detection

A

false neg

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15
Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

cross-reactivity of the antibody with antigens different from the one being sought

A

false pos

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16
Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

nonspecific binding of the antibody to the tissues

A

false pos

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17
Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

presence of endogenous peroxidase in some cellular elements

A

false pos

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18
Q

identify the effect on results (false neg/false pos):

entrapment of normal tissues by the tumor cells

A

false pos

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19
Q

four main stages of immunohistochemistry

A

fixation
antigen retrieval
blocking
antibody labeling and visualization

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20
Q

stage in immunohistochemistry:

to keep everything in its place

A

fixation

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21
Q

stage in immunohistochemistry:

to minimize pesky background signals

A

blocking

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22
Q

stage in immunohistochemistry:

to get pretty pictures

A

antibody labeling and visualization

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23
Q

in conventional immunohistochemistry, single immunohistochemical methods are used through ___

A

3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB)

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24
Q

a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) substrate that is used for secondary HRP-conjugated antibody detection

A

3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB)

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25
Q

the two commonly used chromogens

A

DBA (brown)
AP (red)

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26
Q

chromogen used for most applications as it provides strong and permanent stains

A

DAB

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27
Q

chromogen used mainly for skin sections

A

AP Red

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28
Q

ubiquitous contractile protein responsible for cell motility

A

actin

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29
Q

oncofetal antigen that is the major plasma component of the fetus

A

alpha fetoprotein

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30
Q

major sources of alpha fetoprotein

A

live
visceral endoderm of yolk sac

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31
Q

monoclonal antibody that reacts with high molecular weight glycoprotein

A

B72.3

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32
Q

differentiates mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinom

A

B72.3

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33
Q

monoclonal antibody directed against an epitope on the protein molecule of two glycoproteins on the surface of glandular epithelial cells of endodermal derivation

A

Ber-EP4

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34
Q

differentiates adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma

A

Ber-EP4

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35
Q

vitamin K dependent protein that constitutes approximately 20% of noncollagenous protein in bone

A

Bone GLA protein

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36
Q

detected in osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma

A

Bone GLA protein

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37
Q

carbohydrate antigen

A

CA19-9

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38
Q

used in the diagnosis and monitoring of pancreatic carcinoma

A

CA19-9

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39
Q

positive reaction are obtained in most pancreatobiliary adenocarcinomas and transitional cell carcinoma

A

CA19-9

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40
Q

transmembrane glycoproteins located in desmosomes

A

E-Cadherins

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41
Q

in E-cadherins, the ductal carcinoma of the breast will show ___ (posi/neg)

A

positive

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42
Q

in E-cadherins, the lobular carcinoma of the breast will show ___ (posi/neg)

A

negative

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43
Q

cytoskeleton associated actin binding protein present in contractile cells

A

calponin

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44
Q

document the presence of myoid differentiation

A

calponin

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45
Q

calcium binding protein expressed by various types of mesothelial, epithelial, and stromal cells

A

calretinin

46
Q

calretinin differentiates from mesothelioma from ___ ___

A

lung adenocarcinoma

47
Q

found in synovial sarcomas, sex cord stroma, adamantinoma, and cardiac myxoma

A

calretinin

48
Q

glycoprotein normally detected in the glycocalyx of fetal cells, particularly those of mucin secreting nature

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen Antibody

49
Q

Carcinoembryonic Antigen Antibody is expressed in ___ (small/large) quantities in carcinomas

A

large

50
Q

identifies neprilysin

A

CD10

51
Q

reactive for a variety of female genital tract tumors

A

CD10

52
Q

positive in renal cell carcinoma, and solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancrease

A

CD10

53
Q

recognizes hapten x

A

CD15

54
Q

differentiates lung adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma

A

CD15

55
Q

identifies hematopoietic progenitor antigen ER-MP12 which is identical to PECAM1

A

CD31

56
Q

marker for a subset of normal lymphocytes

A

CD57

57
Q

reacts with small variety of neural, neuroendocrine and prostatic adenocarcinomas

A

CD57

58
Q

mainly used for the diagnosis of Ewing’s sarcoma/PNET

A

CD99

59
Q

transmembrane tyrosine kinase expressed by cajal’s interstitial cells, melanocytes, mast cells, and germ cells

A

c-KIT

60
Q

identifies c-KIT

A

CD117

61
Q

encodes a transcription factor that plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells

A

CDX2

62
Q

acidic glycoproteins located in the soluble fraction of neurosecretory granules

A

chromogranin/ synaptophysin

63
Q

in ___, nearly all types of neuroendocrine tumors are reactive

A

chromogranin/ synaptophysin

64
Q

muscle type intermediate filament found in smooth and striated muscle cells

A

desmin

65
Q

used in identification of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle tumors

A

desmin

66
Q

desmin is abundant in ___ ___ ___

A

parenchymal smooth muschle

67
Q

indicator of probable response to EDFR inhibitors

A

epidermal growth factor receptor

68
Q

tyrosine kinase anchored on the cell membrane

A

epidermal growth factor receptor

69
Q

glycoprotein present in human milk fat globule membrane

A

epithelial membrane antigen

70
Q

excellent marker for most normal and neoplastic epitherlium

A

epithelial membrane antigen

71
Q

expressed by mesotheliomas, meningiomas, and some mesenchymal neoplasms

A

epithelial membrane antigen

72
Q

synthesized in endothelial cells of blood vessels

A

factor VIII related antigen

73
Q

used as a marker for endothelial cell differentiation

A

factor VII related antigen

74
Q

one of the give major cytoplasmic intermediate filaments

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein

75
Q

present in normal, reactive, and neoplastic astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein

76
Q

T/F: glial fibrillary acidic protein is also documented in peripheral nerve sheath tumors

A

t

77
Q

acts as an oncogene when over expressed; a membrane protein closely related to EGFR

A

HER2/ neu

78
Q

give the expression percentage of HER2:

breast carcinoma

A

22%

79
Q

give the expression percentage of HER2:

lung adenocarcinoma

A

28%

80
Q

give the expression percentage of HER2:

colorectal carcinoma

A

17%

81
Q

give the expression percentage of HER2:

lung squamous cell carcinoma

A

11%

82
Q

give the expression percentage of HER2:

gastric adenocarcinoma

A

11%

83
Q

T/F: HMB-45 is useful for predicting response to herceptin

A

F! (it’s HER2/ neu :))

84
Q

monoclonal antibody obtained from malignant melanoma

A

HMB-45

85
Q

identifies oncofetal conjugate associated with immature melanosomes

A

HMB-45

86
Q

expressed by neural crest derivative tumors, angiomyolipomas of kidney, tuberous sclerosis

A

HMB-45

87
Q

monoclonal antibodies for estrogen, progesterone, and androgen

A

hormone receptors

88
Q

normally secreted by syncytiotrophoblast

A

hCG

89
Q

two chains of hCG

A

alpha and beta

90
Q

used to detect trophopblastic differentiation in germ cells and ectopic hormons

A

hCG

91
Q

peptide hormone produced by granulosa cels

A

inhibin

92
Q

reacts positively with sex cord stromal tumors of the avary and testes, and steroid producing tumors of the adrenal gland and gonads

A

inhibin

93
Q

T/F: keratin is a water soluble intercellular fibrous proteins

A

F (it is INsoluble and INTRAcellular)

94
Q

an excellent marker for epithelia differentiation regardless of tumor origin

A

keratin

95
Q

keratin:

pancreas, bileducts, and urothelium, 1/3 of gastric carcinoma

A

CK7+ / CK20+

96
Q

keratin:

lungs, breast, endometrium, ovary, thyroid, salivary glands, and mesothelioma

A

CK7+ / CK20-

97
Q

keratin:

large bowel, merkel cell, 1/3 of gastric carcinoma

A

CK7- / CK20+

98
Q

keratin:

adrenal cortex, liver, kidney, adrenal gland

A

CK7- / CK20-

99
Q

T/F: Melan A is closely associated with melanosomes

A

F (not related)

100
Q

top choice for identification of skeletal muscle differentiation

A

myogenin

101
Q

myogenin is strongly expressed in ___

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

102
Q

glycolytic dimeric enzymes with isoenzymes found in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, including carcinoids and malignant melanoma

A

neuron specific enolase

103
Q

prostate specific antigen has ___ (higher/lower) specificity than prostatic acid phosphate

A

higher

104
Q

isoenzyme of acid phosphatase secreted by prostatic epithelium

A

prostatic acid phosphatase

105
Q

acidic dimeric calcium binding proteins first isolated in the brain

A

S100

106
Q

T/F: S100 doesn’t stain with cytoplasmic staining

A

F (stains in both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining)

107
Q

major glycosylates transmembrane protein isolated from neuronal presynaptic vesicles

A

synaptophysin

108
Q

expressed in normal, reactive, neoplastic cells of neuroectodermal and neuroendocrine types

A

synaptophysin

109
Q

major cytoplasmic intermediate filament that is characteristic of cells of mesenchymal nature

A

vimentin

110
Q

T/F: vimentin is not exclusive to cells of mesodermal origin but also in tumors of epithelial or neural in nature

A

T

MT6321 (9 decks)

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