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MT6321 > 02 Decalcification > Flashcards

02 Decalcification Flashcards

1
Q

a specialized connective tissue

A

bone

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2
Q

the bone has a hard, rigid nature due to the inclusion of minerals in its ___ ___

A

osteoid matrix

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3
Q

crystalline component of the bone

A

hydroxyapatite

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4
Q

serves as a reservoir for a multitude of inorganic ions

A

hydroxyapatite

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5
Q

interfere with the accurate evaluation an examination of histologic sections

A

calcium (lime salt)

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6
Q

calcified specimen will not section properly due to the difference in ___ between ___ and ___

A

densities
calcium
paraffin

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7
Q

T/F: calcium may be present in the arteriosclerotic vessel

A

T

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8
Q

a procedure that removes calcium from calcified tissues

A

decalcification

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9
Q

Decalcification happens after ___ and before ___

A

fixation
impregnation

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10
Q

done to make the tissue soft enough to section in paraffin

A

decalcification

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11
Q

this process makes the bone thin enough for histological observation

A

grinding

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12
Q

in this process, the canaliculi and cell lacunae are well-seen

A

ground sections

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13
Q

organic compounds capable of binding with certain metals

A

chelating agents

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14
Q

chelating agents are typically very ___ and ___

A

slow acting
gentle

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15
Q

chelating agents are used for ___ ___ and ___ studies

A

electron microscopy
immunohistochemistry

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16
Q

a process whereby positively charged calcium ions are attracted to a negative electrode and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution

A

electrophoresis

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17
Q

this reduces the effects of decalcifying agents on staining

A

post-decalcification

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18
Q

a tiny abnormal deposit of calcium salts that is often an indicator of cancer

A

microcalcification

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19
Q

microcalcification is most common in which tissue sample?

A

female breast

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20
Q

microcalcification appear as ___ ___ granular masses with lighter ___ ___

A

dark purple
purple halos

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21
Q

the purple halos in the microcalcification is stained with ___

A

hematoxylin

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22
Q

decalcifying agent:

for routine decalcification of large amounts of bony tissue

A

acids

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23
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

most common

A

nitric acid

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24
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

fastest

A

nitric acid

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25
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

recommended for routine purposes

A

nitric acid

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26
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

inhibit nuclear stain

A

nitric acid

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27
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

destroy tissues

A

nitric acid

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28
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

Perenyi’s fluid

A

nitric acid

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29
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

mot rapid decalcifying agent

A

Phloroglucin-Nitric acid

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30
Q

In decalcification, acid must be removed by ___ changes of EtOH

A

3

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31
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

slower

A

hydrochloric acid

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32
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

greater distortion

A

hydrochloric acid

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33
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

good nuclear staining

A

hydrochloric acid

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34
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

Von Ebner’s fluid

A

hydrochloric acid

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35
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

slow

A

hydrochloric acid

36
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

greater distortion

A

hydrochloric acid

37
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

good nuclear staining

A

hydrochloric acid

38
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

Von Ebner’s fluid

A

hydrochloric acid

39
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

safer

A

formic acid

40
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

better nuclear staining

A

formic acid

41
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

recommended for routine decalcification of postmortem research tissues

A

formic acid

42
Q

decalcifying agent (acid):

the only weak acid used extensively as a primary decalcifying agent

A

formic acid

43
Q

in formic acid-sodium citrate solution, the citrate ___ decalcification by ___ the calcium

A

accelerates
chelating

44
Q

T/F: fixed specimens hastens decalcification

A

F (it slows down the digestion of cellular and other tissue components)

45
Q

fixed specimens are damaged by ___ exposure to ___ decalcifying agents

A

prolonged
acid

46
Q

the most common chelating agent

A

EDTA

47
Q

chelating agent:

for detailed microscopic studies

A

EDTA

48
Q

chelating agent:

binds calcium forming an insoluble non-ionized complex

A

EDTA

49
Q

T/F: overexposure to EDTA can remove proteoglycans and weaken staining

A

T

50
Q

T/F: EDTA easily penetrates the tissue

A

F (it penetrates tissue poorly)

51
Q

optimal binding pH of EDTA

A

8 and above

52
Q

this hastens decalcification by removing calcium form formic acid containing-solution

A

ion exchange resin

53
Q

in using ion exchange resin, the degree of decalcification can be measured by ___ or ___ method

A

physical
x-ray

54
Q

decalcifying agent:

shortened time for decalcification due to heart and electrolytic reaction

A

electrophoresis

55
Q

decalcifying agent:

dependent upon a supply direct current to remove calcium

A

electrophoresis

56
Q

decalcifying agent:

satisfactory for small bone fragments

A

electrophoresis

57
Q

T/F: one of the disadvantages of electrophoresis is that it can process only a limited number of specimens at a time

A

T

58
Q

T/F: electrophoresis is often used a routine decalcifying agent

A

F (not suited for routine daily use)

59
Q

optimum temperature for decalcification

A

18-30C

60
Q

the recommended fluid to tissue volume ratio

A

20:1

61
Q

ideal time for decalcification

A

24-48 hrs

62
Q

the calcium ions that have been removed can saturate the solution around the specimen and prevent further decalcification if the solution is not ___ and ___ ___

A

agitated
change regularly

63
Q

too rapid removal of calcium can cause (4)

A

complete digestion of tissue
marked swelling
hydrolysis of bony matrix
poor staining capacity of the cell

64
Q

methods used to determine the extent of decalcification (4)

A

physical
mechanical
chemical
x-ray or radiological

65
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

physical: touching or bending the tissue with ___ to determine the consistency of tissues

A

fingers ><

66
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

diminished consistency and softer

A

physical

67
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

vague and inaccurate

A

physical

68
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

done by pricking the tissue

A

mechanical

69
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

instrument used for mechanical method

A

fine needle or a probe

70
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

produce needle tract artifacts

A

mechanical

71
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

destroy important cellular details

A

mechanical

72
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

most ideal, sensitive, and reliable

A

radiological

73
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

detect even the smallest focus of calcium

A

radiological

74
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

very expensive

A

radiological

75
Q

T/F: radiological method of determining the extent of decalcification is for mercuric chloride-fixed tissues

A

F (not used because of its radio-opacity)

76
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

simple, reliable, convenient

A

chemical

77
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

for routine purposes

A

chemical

78
Q

reagents used for the chemical method which detects calcium by precipitation

A

Ca(OH)2 or CaC2O4

79
Q

Chemical decalcifying solutions

A

concentrated NH4OH
saturated (NH4)2C2O4

80
Q

method used to determine the extent of decalcification:

performed on the discarded fluid using litmus paper

A

chemical

81
Q

in the chemical method of determining the degree of decalcification, a clear solution means ___

A

complete decalcification

81
Q

in the chemical method of determining the degree of decalcification, a cloudiness or precipitation solution means ___

A

incomplete decalcification

82
Q

this shows a marked loss of nuclear haematoxyphilia

A

over-decalcification

83
Q

T/F: over-decalcification can be presented at a strongly eosin-stained tissue

A

T

84
Q

reagents used for post-decalcification

A

saturated Li2CO3
5-10% NaHCO3

85
Q

Decalcified samples is stored in formol saline containing ___ ___ or PBS with ___ ___ at 4C

A

15% sucrose
15-20% sucrose

86
Q

tissue softeners used during decalcification (5)

A

Perenyi’s fluid
4% aqueous phenol
Molliflex
2% HCl
1% HCl in 70% alcohol

MT6321 (8 decks)

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