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Jaspie - Microbiology > 01 - Generalities > Flashcards

01 - Generalities Flashcards

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1
Q

non-SI unit for sedimentation rate; how fast is 1 unit?

A

svedberg unit = 10^-13 s (100 fs)

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2
Q

content of bacterial cell wall

A

peptidoglycan

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3
Q

content of fungal cell wall

A

chitin

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4
Q

The only bacteria with sterols in their membranes

A

Mycoplasma

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5
Q

jumping genes

A

transposons

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6
Q

What are prions?

A

naked proteins, same sequence as certain normal human cell surface proteins but have folded differently

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7
Q

vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation

A

spongiform encephalopathies

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8
Q

etiology and manifestation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Infection -> dementia

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9
Q

etiology and manifestation of Kuru disease

A

Cannibalism -> cerebellar disorders

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10
Q

another name for mad cow disease

A

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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11
Q

how to disinfect tools from prions?

A

5% hypochlorite solution or 1.0 M sodium hydroxide or autoclaved at 15 psi for 1 hour

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12
Q

three shapes of bacteria and their descriptions

A
  1. cocci - spheres
  2. bacilli - rods
  3. spirochetes - spirals
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13
Q

arrangement of cocci and their descriptions:

A
  1. diplococci - pairs
  2. streptococci - chains
  3. staphylococci - clusters
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14
Q

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except:

A

Mycoplasma (have sterols in their cell membranes)

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15
Q

what enzyme cross-links the peptidoglycan?

A

transpeptidase

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16
Q

Units of the sugar backbone in peptidoglycan?

A

NAM and NAG

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17
Q

reason for resistance of MRSA?

A

alteration of the penicillin-binding protein

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18
Q

This drug targets the ala-ala residues of the peptidoglycan

A

Vancomycin

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19
Q

These bacterial cell wall proteins facilitate the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell

A

Porin proteins

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20
Q

Lysozymes are enzymes that kill bacteria by cleaving which part of the cell wall?

A

Beta 1->4 glycosidic bond betweeen NAG and NAM (in peptidoglycan)

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21
Q

Gram (+) vs Gram (-):

Peptidoglycan is thicker in

A

Gram (+)

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22
Q

Gram (+) vs Gram (-):

techoic acids are present in

A

Gram (+)

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23
Q

Gram (+) vs Gram (-):

lipopolysaccharide is present in

A

Gram (-):

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24
Q

another name for lipopolysaccharide:

A

endotoxin

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25
Q

Gram (+) vs Gram (-): periplasmic space

A

Gram (-):

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26
Q

What comprises an endotoxin?

A

lipid A and O antigen

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27
Q

Which Gram (+) bacteria have an endotoxin?

A

None, except for Listeria monocytogenes

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28
Q

steps in gram staining

A
  1. crystal Violet
  2. Iodine
  3. Acetone
  4. Safranin

VIAS

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29
Q

Enumerate:

Bacteria that cannot be seen in gram staining; why can’t we do gram staining; alternative approaches to detection

A
  1. Mycobacteriae - too much lipid in cell wall so dye cannot penetrate - acid fast staining
  2. Spirochetes - too thin to see - darkfield microscopy
  3. Mycoplasma - no cell wall - do serologic studies
  4. chlamydiae - intracellular and very small - giemsa stain
  5. rickettsiae - intracellular and very small - giemsa stain
  6. Legionella - poor uptake of red counterstain - silver stain
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30
Q

Oldest acid-fast staining method, which requires heating the specimen during the procedure.

A

Ziehl-Neelsen procedure

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31
Q

Which component of the gram (-) cell wall reduces its susceptibility to lysozymes?

A

outer membrane

32
Q

Ribosomes of prokaryotes:

A

30S + 50S = 70S

33
Q

Ribosomes of eukaryotes:

A

40S + 60S = 80S

34
Q

invagination of the plasma membrane

A

mesosome

35
Q

space between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane

A

periplasmic space

36
Q

what is the function of the mesosome?

A

participates in cell division and secretion

37
Q

what is the function of the periplasmic space?

A

contains many hydrolytic enzymes e.g. Beta-lactamases

38
Q

This component protects the bacteria against phagocytosis

A

capsule

39
Q

this component mediates adherence to surface and is responsible for the formation of biofilms

A

glycocalyx

40
Q

These components are resistant to heat and chemicals

A

spores

41
Q

Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independent of the bacterial chromosome

A

plasmid

42
Q

site of nutrients in the cytoplasm

A

granule

43
Q

What bacteria form spores?

A

Gram-positive rods, especially Bacillus and Clostridium, which are also exotoxin-forming

44
Q

This bacteria has a protein capsule instead of a polysaccharide capsule:
What is it made of?

A

Bacillus anthracis

- polypeptide of D-glutamate

45
Q

Term for fusion of plasmids with the bacterial chromosome:

A

episomes

46
Q

Function of the plasmid

A

for antibiotic resistance and formation of new toxins

47
Q

toxic proteins produced by certain bacteria that are lethal for other bacteria

A

bacteriocins

48
Q

Process of killing all microbial forms, plus spores

A

sterilization

49
Q

Process of applying chemicals on inanimate objects to kill some bacteria

A

disinfection

50
Q

Process of killing bacteria present in living tissues

A

antisepsis

51
Q

Physical removal of microorganisms

A

De-germing

52
Q

Process of lowering the bacterial count

A

Sanitization

53
Q

Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic except for the following microorganisms: (4)

A
  1. Neisseria meninigitides
  2. Bacteroides fragilis
  3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  4. Haemophilus influenza

No Boyfriend Since Highschool

54
Q

Why are alcohol-based sanitizers ineffective against Clostridium?

A

because it can form spores

55
Q

Enumerate the 4 phases of bacterial growth, and expain

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. log phase (exponential phase)
  3. stationary phase
  4. death phase (decline phase)
56
Q

Phenomenon of a continued antibiotic effect despite its total elimination from the body

A

Post-antibiotic effect

57
Q

substrate and product of superoxide dismutase:

A
  • superoxide

- hydrogen peroxide and oxygen

58
Q

substrate and product of catalase:

A
  • hydrogen peroxide

- water and oxygen

59
Q

substrate and product of peroxidase:

A
  • hydrogen peroxide

- water

60
Q

Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation

A

obligate aerobes

61
Q

use fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen due to presence of SOD

A

microaerophiles

62
Q

utilize oxygen if present, but can use fermentation in its absence

A

facultative anaerobe

63
Q

exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen

A

aerotolerant anaerobe

64
Q

cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

65
Q

What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?

A

SOD, peroxidase, and catalase

66
Q

examples of aerotolerant anaerobes

A

propionibacterium, lactobacillus

67
Q

examples of obligate anaerobes

A

Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium

68
Q

examples of obligate aerobes

A 
Nocardia
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Bordetella/Brucella/Bacillus cereus
Legionella

Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Breathe Breathe Lots (of oxygen)

69
Q

DNA transferred from one bacterium to another

A

Conjugation

70
Q

DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another

A

Transduction

71
Q

Purified DNA taken up by a cell

A

Transformation

72
Q

Normal flora of the skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

73
Q

Normal flora of the nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus

74
Q

Normal flora of the mouth

A

viridans Streptococci

75
Q

Normal flora of dental plaques

A

Streptococcus mutans

76
Q

Normal flora of the colon

A

Bacteroides, E. coli

77
Q

Normal flora of the vagina

A

Lactobacillus vaginalis, E. coli, Streptococcus agalactiae

Jaspie - Microbiology (14 decks)

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