Zuku II Flashcards
A seven-year-old female chinchilla is presented with a history of anorexia and lethargy. Which one of the following organs has the most prominent pathology in these radiographs?
A - Stomach
B - Normal radiographs for a chinchilla
C - Uterus
D - Urinary bladder
E - Colon
Answer: Uterus
The chinchilla has pyometra. The abdomen is markedly distended with poor detail caused by organomegaly.
There are two soft tissue tubular masses in the caudal abdomen along the lateral margins. The small bowel loops are displaced cranially and medially.
Within the thorax there are no abnormalities seen.
Radiographic interpretation and images courtesy, Dr A. Zwingenberger and Veterinary
Radiology
*^What is the most common effect of a persistent corpus luteum in the horse during the breeding season?**
A - Follicular cysts
B - Uterine involution
C - Endometrial hyperplasia
D - Nymphomania
E - Anestrus
Answer: Anestrus
The number one cause of anestrus in horses during the breeding season is a persistent corpus luteum (CL).
First a corpus hemorrhagicum (CH) forms on the ovary after ovulation of the dominant follicle, which then matures in the CL in 4-5 days. The CL produces progesterone, which maintains pregnancy or diestrus.
Rx with prostaglandin F2-alpha (10-15 mg) if the CL is at least 4-5 days old, and the mare will come back into estrus in 2-5 days.
Follicular cystic ovary disease is primarily a disease of dairy cattle.
Two eight-week-old calves are presented down and extremely weak. They are depressed and lying in pools of foul-smelling, yellow-brown diarrhea with a small amount of blood. Another calf died suddenly the previous night with no prior signs. The down calves are dehydrated, with rectal temperatures of 105.2° and 105.6° F (40.7º - 40.9ºC) [N=101.5°-103.5°F, N=37.8º-39.7° C], respectively. What is the treatment plan?
A - Cull sick calves; prophylactic oxytetracycline in feed for well animals
B - Isolate sick calves; oral electrolytes
C - Immunize calves and adult cattle with MLV vaccine; probiotics for sick calves
D - Corticosteroids; amprolium in water; rumensin in feed
E - Oral electrolytes, injectable broad-spectrum antimicrobials
Answer: Oral electrolytes, injectable broad-spectrum antimicrobials
Treat these calves with oral electrolytes and injectable broad-spectrum antimicrobials.
Milk feeding will not make diarrhea worse and provides an important source of nutrients and fluids for sick animals.
Fever, diarrhea and sudden death in eight-week-old calves is highly suggestive of septicemia due to salmonellosis.
Isolate sick calves to prevent transmission.
Use of antibiotics is controversial as they may prolong recovery and shedding and yield a carrier calf. However, if an animal is septic it needs parenteral antibiotics.
Prognosis is poor with neonatal salmonella and deaths can approach 100% in affected calves.
In adults, antibiotics may yield a clinical cure, but Salmonellae can establish in the biliary system and intermittently shed into the GI system, leading to environmental contamination.
Prevention is dependent on which species of Salmonella is causing the problems-host adapted or environmental.
Salmonella Dublin Infection in Cattle
What kind of organism causes equine granulocytic anaplasmosis?
A - Anaplasma
B - Spirochete
C - Ehrlichia
D - Chlamydia
E - Protozoa
Answer: Anaplasma
This is a tricky question to help you remember that two diseases FORMERLY classified as Ehrlichia have now been RE-classified.
Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
The causative organism of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (a.k.a. anaplasmosis; formerly equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis) was originally classified as Ehrlichia equi, but is now called ANAPLASMA phagocytophilum due to DNA sequencing studies.
Do not confuse equine anaplasmosis, a necrotizing vasculitis, with BOVINE anaplasmosis, which primarily causes an anemia with icterus and fever.
Another name change occurred with the causative organism of Potomac horse fever (PHF), from Ehrlichia risticii to NEOrickettsia risticii.
PHF presents as a febrile colitis/diarrhea, with laminitis 3-5 d after diarrhea in horses of all ages: A big rule out is salmonella (think septicemia/fever + diarrhea).
Which one of the following management recommendations is most helpful to reduce the incidence of mare reproductive loss syndrome?
A - Vaccinate mares and stallions against equine coital exanthema
B - Cut down all the black walnut trees on premises
C - Progesterone supplementation between four to six months of pregnancy
D - Remove the horses from affected pastures
E - Spray_paddocks to kill Habronema muscae larvae
Answer: Remove the horses from affected pastures
Remove mares from affected pastures to help prevent mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS).
The exact pathogenesis of MRLS is unknown, but exposure to/ingestion of “hirsute” or hairy eastern tent caterpillars appears to be a risk factor. Early and late-term abortions have been reproduced by oral administration of whole eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) or their exoskeletons.
Eastern tent caterpillars were associated with a large outbreak in Kentucky in 2001-2 where over 3000 pregnant mares aborted. Other episodes have been seen in Florida (2005) and Australia (2007) with exposure to other animals of hirsute caterpillars.
The most current theory - damage to the oral mucosa or intestinal lining by the setae (spines) of the caterpillars introduces bacteria that causes bacteremia and subsequent infection of the fetus and/or placenta.
Early embryonic loss, abortion, stillbirths, weak foals, and infected foals are seen. Swollen umbilical cords are also often seen in aborted fetuses.
Feeding hay and removal of wild cherry trees, a major food source for the caterpillars, is also beneficial in reducing the incidence of MRLS abortion.
Foal heat diarrhea is typically associated with which of the following?
A - Hemorrhagic enteritis
B - Decreased suckling.
C - Neutropenia and fever
D - Alterations in diet
E - Warm and humid weather
Answer: Alterations in diet
Foal heal diarrhea is associated with alterations in diet and changing microbial flora in the Gl tract.
Mild, self-limiting diarrhea in a foal 7-14 days of age is called foal heat diarrhea because it coincides with the first estrus cycle post-foaling in the dam.
Causes of foal heat diarrhea are poorly understood, but are thought to be related to a foal’s tendency to start sampling hay and grain and practice coprophagy by 5 to 7 days of age, with consequent alterations in microbial flora.
Affected foals are active and alert, with a normal appetite and vital signs.
Clinical signs such as fever and lethargy, hematochezia or melena, and laboratory findings such as neutropenia are not routinely observed.
Foal Heat Diarrhea
From 4-14 days after birth, foals often develop a mild, self-limiting diarrhea. During this time, the dam is usually undergoing her first estrous cycle, hence the name “foal heat diarrhea.” However, diarrhea can also occur at this time in orphan foals; therefore, hormonal activity in the mare is unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis. Although the cause is unknown, it may be associated with alterations in the foal’s intestinal microbial flora or alteration in diet as the foal begins to eat small amounts of hay and grain. Coprophagy may also have a role.
The foal remains active and alert and has a normal appetite. Vital signs remain normal. Feces are semiformed to watery and not malodorous. Monitoring is important to ensure the foal’s condition does not deteriorate. Specific treatment is usually not necessary; however, application of a protectant to the skin around the perineum helps prevent scalding.
A person calls to say she adopted a friend’s dog and requests a copy of the dog’s medical record and radiographs. The former owner is a client at your clinic. Which one of the following choices is the most appropriate action to take?
A - After physical exam, start a new medical record documenting. previous issues
B - Give caller a copy of medical record only
C - Give a summarized record with personal identifiers (vet, owner names)_ blocked out
D - Require original owner consent or court order to release information
E - Give caller a copy of medical record and radiographs
Answer: Require original owner consent or court order to release information
The vet clinic requires the original owner’s consent or a court order to release information.
According to the AVMA’s Principles of Veterinary Medical Ethics:
“Ethically, the information within veterinary medical records is considered privileged and confidential. It must not be released except by court order or consent of the owner of the patient. Veterinarians should secure a written release to document that request.”
Several younger sheep in a large herd have died suddenly with a diagnosis of infectious necrotic hepatitis secondary to fluke infestation. Which choice is the most practical and effective control measure you can take next to prevent future cases?
A - Vaccinate all animals with Clostridium novyi toxoid
B - Clorsulon antihelmintic for whole herd
C - Clostridium hemolyticum bacterin for animals under 3 years
D - High-dose penicillin for clinical cases
E - Treat ponds with copper sulfate molluscicide against lymnaeid snalls
Answer: Vaccinate all animals with Clostridium novyi toxoid
Active immunization with Clostridium novyi toxoid before the late summer is the most effective way to control and prevent infectious necrotic hepatitis (Black disease) in sheep.
Because vaccinated sheep have long-term immunity after only one shot, only new introductions to the flock (lambs and sheep brought in from other areas) need to be vaccinated.
Reducing the number of snails (intermediate hosts for fluke cercaria) with molluscicides or by fencing off wet areas may not be practical due to expense or amount of pasture lost. Likewise, use of flukicides is complicated by the need for careful timing and long withdrawal times for meat and milk.
A nine-year-old male neutered German shepherd is presented with unchecked bleeding from a cut on the gums above the right canine tooth. The owner relates that the dog has lost weight and had an episode of collapse three days ago, but he recovered. On physical exam, the gums are pale with petechiae and ecchymotic hemorrhages. There is tachycardia and a palpable cranial abdominal mass. A coagulation profile shows the following:
- Thrombocytes= 82,533 per microliter. [N=200,000-900,000]
- Buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT), increased
- Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), increased
- Prothrombin time (PT), increased
- Fibrin degradation products (FDPs), increased
What disorder of coagulation best fits this pattern?
A - Von Willebrand’s disease
B - Idiopathic thrombocytopenia
C - Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity
D - Hepatic insufficiency
E - Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Answer: Disseminated intravascular coagulation
A pattern of low platelets, increased bleeding time and across the board increases in aPTT, PT, and FDP tests suggests disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Coagulation Protein Disorders in Animals
DIC is not a disease in its own right. It is a complex hemostatic defect characterized by inappropriate activation of coagulation and deposition of fibrin within the microvasculature. The depletion of clotting factors and platelets due to this clot formation can result in widespread hemorrhage.
Regenerative Anemias in Animals
If DIC is suspected it is essential to identify the underlying cause. Many disease can result in DIC, but the more common conditions include: sepsis, advanced heartworm disease, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, anaphylaxis, envenomation, heat stroke, and severe fulminant pancreatitis. DIC is seen more commonly in dogs than in cats. Chronic DIC may be seen in dogs with hemangiosarcoma.
Follow this link to see a table of the four most important coagulation disorder patterns
A high-producing dairy cow that freshened three weeks ago is off feed. On physical exam her heart and respiratory rates are within normal limits. T=101.2°F (38.4°C) [N=100.4-102.8ºF (38.0-39.3ºC)]. There is decreased rumen motility and a urine test for ketone bodies is positive. There is no evidence of mastitis and the uterus is clear of infection.
On the left side, a high-pitched musical “ping” is audible via stethoscope during percussion over the ribs on a line between the elbow and tuber coxae (hip). What acid-base abnormality is most likely in this cow?
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Depends on severity of displacement
- Metabolic acidosis
- Respiratory acidosis
Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
Think of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis due to hydrochloric acid (HCI) sequestration in the abomasum of a cow with a displaced abomasum.
Left or Right Displaced abomasum and Abomasal Volvulus in Cattle
ChGPT: Left Displaced Abomasum (LDA), Right Displaced Abomasum (RDA), and Abomasal Volvulus (AV)
Abomasal hypomotility, ongoing HCl secretion into the abomasum, and partial abomasal outflow obstruction all contribute.
Based on the clinical presentation this cow has a left-displaced abomasum (LDA): left-sided ping and normal TPR findings. LDA is a partial abomasal obstruction, so some fluid and gas can still escape, and the distention rarely becomes severe.
With right DA (RDA) the situation is different - it can progress to a right-torsed abomasum (RTA) and these animals undergo clinical decompensation (TPR abnormal) with severe circulatory failure, azotemia, and develop concurrent metabolic acidosis.
