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RUSVM Toxicology > Zootoxins- Toad Toxin And Snake Venom > Flashcards

Zootoxins- Toad Toxin And Snake Venom Flashcards

1
Q

What toxins does the Bufo toad carry?

A 
Catecholamines 
Bufotenine
Bufagenisn 
Bufotoxins 
Indole alkylamines
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2
Q

What are the toads in the Bufo family?

A

Cane or marine toad

Colorado river toad

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3
Q

What toxin from toads is a Schedule I substance because it has an hallucinogenic effect?

A

Bufotenine

Indole alkylamines are similar to the hallucinogen LSD

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4
Q

What species are most suspecptible to Bufo toad intoxication?

A

Dogs

Cats and ferrets can also be poisoned

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5
Q

Where are Bufo toxins absorbed?

A

Mucous membranes of mouth, gastric mucosa, conjunctiva, and open skin wounds

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6
Q

What is the MOA of Bufo toad intoxication?

A

Direct irritation of mucus membranes
Main organs affected -> heart, blood vessesl, and CNS

Bufotenine and bufotoxins ->digitalis-like effect by inhibiting Na/K ATPase
Indole alkylamines -> hallucinogenic
Bufotenine —> vasoconstriction and hallucinogenic

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Bufo toad intoxication?

A

Irritation of oral mucosa - hypersalivation (foaming), brick red mucous membrane, vocalization and vomiting

Neuro- disorientation, ataxia, circling, seizures, opisthotonos, hyperthermia, and coma

CV- tachypnea, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, or bradycardia, and collapse

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8
Q

Increase in hemoglobin content, PCV, blood glucose, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, serum potassium, calcium, and phos
.. are consistent with what zootoxin?

A

Bufo toad toxin

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9
Q

What is the DDX for bufo toad intoxication?

A

Disease causing seizure, cardiac toxicity, caustic, and hyperthermia

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10
Q

DDX for diseases/toxins causing seizures?

A 
Bufo toad toxin
Metaldehyde 
Theobromine 
Cholinesterase inhibitor 
Idiopathic epilepsy 
Infectious meningioencephalitis
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11
Q

What toxins can cause cardiac toxcity?

A

Bufo toxin
Digitalis toxicity
Poisonous plant with cardiac glycosides (gossypol or oleander)

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12
Q

DDX for toxins that are caustic?

A

Bufo toxin
Acids/alkalis
Detergents
Bleaches

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13
Q

What is the treatment for bufo intoxication?

A

Flush mouth with water
Activated charcoal

Seizure -diazepam, phenobarbital, propofol, glucocorticoid, furosemide, and mannitol

Atropine for bradycardia, as bronchodilator, and decrease secretions (contraindicated with tachycardia)

Tachycardia/arrhythmia - B blocker/lidocaine/procainamide

Digoxin bay bind bufagenins and bufotoxins

Supportive therapy

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14
Q

What are the poisonous snakes of North America?

A

Pit vipers, Crotalid family

Coral snakes

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15
Q

What are the pit vipers snakes?

A

Rattlesnake
Copperhead
Cottonmouth

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16
Q

What are the general characteristics of pit viper snakes?

A

Have temp sensitive pit between eyes and nostrils

Head is broad and triangular
Pupils are vertical with prominent ellipitical slits
Retractable fangs of upper jaw

17
Q

What toxins are in snake venom?

A

Enzymatic and nonenzymtic proteins and amino acids

Nonenzymatic proteins and peptides are “killing fraction”

18
Q

What species is most susceptible to snake venom? Which is most sensitive?

A

Dogs are most susceptible but cats and horses also

Dogs are most sensitive

19
Q

Of the pit vipers, which are the most toxic?

A

Rattlesnake > cottonmouth > copperhead

20
Q

What is the MOA of snake venom?

A

PRIMARY effect is hypocoagulation

Hyalurondiase cause venom to spread
Phospholipase A2 disrupt cell membrane, and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and release vasoactive amines

Enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteins have hematoxic (procoagulant, anticoagulant ), cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects

21
Q

What are the clinical signs of pit viper envenomation?

A

Puncute worund, fang mark

Bleeding, edema, swelling, ecchymosis, petechia, and necrosis.

22
Q

Lab shows echinocytosis, hemolysis, hemoconcentraiton, increased coagulation time
Hypokalemia, liver and renal failure

What zootoxin is this consistent with?

A

Pit viper envenomation

23
Q

Treatment for snake envenomation?

A

First aid - keep calm, keep bite below level of heart, monitor swelling
Polyvalent crotalid antivenin - available for dogs, can cause allergic reaction (antiphylactoid therapy)
Diphenhydramine IV to reduce allergic rxn to antivenin and sedate
Fluid therapy
Blood transfusion
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Control pain with fentanyl
Maintain airway and treat shock

24
Q

T/F: if your dog gets a snake bite but has the rattle snake vaccine, you do not need to bring it in to be treated

A

False

Still considered an medial emergency

25
Q

What are the characteristics of coral snakes?

A

Black head with alternating bands of black, yellow (or white) and red
Small head with rounded pupils
Short fixed front fangs
Require chewing action to inject venom

26
Q

What is the MOA of coral snake envenomation ?

A

Local tissue rxn and destruction by hyaluronidase, proteinase, ribonuclease, desoxyribonuclease, and phospholipase

Primary effect is neurotoxic
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade, CNS depression, muscle paralysis, and vasomotor activity
Hemolysis with severe anemia and hemoglobinuria reported in dog

27
Q

Clinical signs with coral snake envenomation ?

A

CNS depression, quadriplegia with decreased spinal reflexes, respiratory paralysis, hypotension, and ventricular tachycardia

Dogs also can have hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and may salivate excessively (not seen in cat)

Aspiration pneumonia can be a complication

28
Q

Elevated fibrinogen and CK
RBC morphological changes, anemia, and hemoglobinuria

What zootoxin is this associated with?

A

Coral snake envenomation

29
Q

What is your dddx for coral snake envenomation ?

A

Tick paralysis
Botulism
Myasthenia gravis

30
Q

Treatment for coral snake envenomation ?

A

Micrurus fulvius antivenin

Life support and symptomatic therapy as in pit vipers

RUSVM Toxicology (23 decks)

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