Plant S#!t 2 Flashcards
Molybdenum causes _________ deficiency
Copper
What are clinical signs of copper deficiency caused by molybdenum toxicity?
Diarrhea Wasting Depigmentation Demyelination Osteoporosis
Plants high in copper?? MOA of toxicosis??
Clovers
Liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia
What is the acute toxicosis of selenium ?
GI irritation and respiratory signs
Subacute selenium toxicity, “blind staggers” has similar clinical signs to ???
Arsenilic acid —> neuro abnormalities
Chronic selenium toxicosis affects ??
Hair and hoof
What plants can accumulate nitrates?
Pigweed Oat Corn Sweet clover Alfalfa Wheat Sunflower
What is the acute MOA of nitrate toxicosis ?
GI irritation
Nitrite causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin
Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen
Abortion
What is the chronic MOA of nitrate toxicosis?
Decreased progesterone during pregnancy—> abortion
Reduced performance
What plant family contains dimethyl disulfide ?
Mustards
What is the MOA of dimethyl disulfide ?
Contains 5-methyl cysteine sulfoxide which is reduced by intestinal flora in monogastrics animals and rumen microflora to dimethyl disulfide —> oxidation of RBC to form Heinz’s bodies
Clinical signs associated with dimethyl disulfide?
Depression Anemia Hemoglobinemia Hemoglobinuria Icterus Cyanosis
Plants containing diterpene esters?
Chenille plant, cat tail
Candelabra “cactus”
Crown of thorns
Poinsettia
Clinical signs of diterpene ester toxicosis?
Irritation and blistering of the skin and GI mucosa leading to salivation, vomiting, and diarrhea
Rhododendron, azalea has what toxin?
Grayanotoxin
What is the MOA of grayanotoxin?
Bind to sodium channels in excitable cells
Increase permeability of sodium ions and depolarization
Irrational of GI mucosa
Clinical signs associated with grayanotoxin ?
GI signs - excessive salivation, vomiting, regurgitation, colic, and diarrhea
Depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizure, and fever
Death due to aspiration pneumonia
Castor bean and predatory bean contain what toxin?
Lectins
VERY toxic
What is the MOA of lectin?
Ricin and abrin are glycoproteins
—> inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death
An owner thinks their dog ate castor bean, what clinical signs would be consistent with toxicity?
Hemorrhagic gastritis
Toxin present in chinaberry? MOA?
Meliatoxins
Entertoxic and neurotoxic
What are the clinical signs of meliatoxins?
GI signs with or without blood
CNS and peripheral neuronal signs generally similar to nicotine poisoning
Death from respiratory failure
Propyl disulfide has a similar MOA to what other plant toxin?
Dimethyl disulfide
Oxygenation of the RBC membrane —> Heinz bodies
Family of plants containing propyl disulfide ?
Onion
Clinical signs associated with propyl disulfide toxicity?
Anorexia Ataxia Tachycardia Tancypnea dyspnea Abortion
Onion odor
Toxin present in horsebrush ?
Tetradymol
What is the MOA tetradymol?
Induction of microsomal enzymes
Liver damage —> photosensitization
Clinical signs of horsebrush?
Anorexia
Depression
Incoordintation, headpressing
Dyspnea
Icterus
Skin swelling erythema, necrosis, and sloughing
What animal is most susceptible to horsebrush toxicity?
Sheep
What plants contain thimainase?
Horsetail
Bracken fern
What is the MOA of bracken fern and horsetail?
Thiaminase destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (vit B1) deficiency in monogastric animals
Treatment of horsetail toxicity>
Thiamine IV (vit B1)
What plants contain triterpenoid saponins?
Alfalfa
Holly
English ivy
Pokeweed family
What is the MOA triterpenoid saponins?
Direct irritation of the GI mucosa —> salivation, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, hypothermia
What are some plants containing resins?
Milkweed
Chinaberry
Marijuana’s
What is the MOA of resins?
Irritation of the nervous/muscle tissue
What is the MOA of alsike and red clover?
Hepatotoxicity
—> hepatic encephalopathy and photosensitization
Clinical signs associated with alsike clover and red clover?
Lacrimation Photophobia Erythema Pruritius Edema Necrosis Sloughing
What is the MOA of avocado?
Cardiotoxicity in goat, horse, rabbit, and caged bird
Noninfectous mastitis in cattle, horse, goat and rabbit
MOA of black walnut?
Inviting of fresh shaving s —> laminitis
What plants can cause forage-induced photosensitization ?
Moldy alfalfa
Red clover
Moldy wheat
—> primary and secondary photosensitization
Grapes cause renal toxicity in what species?
Dogs
Lilies cause renal failure in what speices?
Cats
Pigweed causes renal failure in what species?
Ruminants
Red maple MOA?
Oxidize hemoglobin —> heinz bodies damaging cell membrane
Hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria
What are the two toxins in coffee weed, senna?
Unknown —> skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
Anthraquinones —> cathartic
Clinical signs associated with coffee weed?
Diarrhea (or constipation)
Muscle weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria, and coffee coloured urine, tachycardia, and death
What is the MOA of yellow starthistle and knappweed? What is the disease called?
Equine nigropallidal encephaomalacia AKA chewing disease
Interact with dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain —> esp substantial nigra and globus pallidus
Clinical signs associated with yellow starthistle and knappweed?
Inability to eat/drink, drowsiness interrupted by excitation, head down
Dehydration
What species are Macadamia nuts toxic to?
Doggos
Clinical signs associated with macadamia nuts?
GI and locomotor signs
Weakness, especially in hindlimbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale mucus membranes
Full recovery within 2 days
