Illicit And Recrational Drugs - Amphetmine, Cocaine, Marijuana Flashcards
What is the toxic dose of amphetamine and methamphetamine in dogs?
Amephetamine: 20-27mg/kg
Methamphetmaine: 9-11mg/kg
T/F: both amphetamines and cocaine are lipid soluble
True
—> readily absorbed and distributed crossing BBB to CNS
Where are amphentamines metabolized and excreted
Metabolized in liver
Excreted in urine (ph dependent)
What is the halflife of amphetamines?
3.5-6hours
What is the MOA of amphentamines
CNS stimulant
Block reuptake of norepi and dopamine
Inhibit MAO
Dopamine excitatory receptor agonist
Peripherally—> sympathomimetic effect by release of norepi and direct stimulant on A and B receptors
What are the clinical signs of amphentamines?
Hyperactivity, restlessness, circling, tremors, ataxia, seizures, mydriasis, hyper salivation, and hyperthermia
What lab changes would you see with amphentamine toxicosis?
Hypoglycemia
Metabolic acidosis and rhabdomyolysis due to tremors —> myoglobinuria and renal failure (rare)
Can be detected in blood,urine, and saliva
How do you treat amphetamine toxicosis?
Induce emesis
Activated charcoal
Phenobarbital and propofol for seizure
Phenothiazines as dopamine receptor antagonist
Treat hyperthermia
Tachyarrythmias with B blocker/lidocaine
Urinary acidifiers like ammonium chloride (unless acidotic)
IV fluid for dehydration, acidosis, and enhance renal excretion
What speices is most susceptible to cocaine toxicity?
Dogs (esp police dogs)
What is the LD50 for dogs and cats for cocaine?
IV
- dog 3mg/kg
- cat 7.5mg/kg
Oral
-dog 6-12mg/kg
Where is cocaine metabolized and excreted?
Metabolized : Plasma and hepatic esterase, and methylated in liver
Excreted : urine
What is the MOA of cocaine?
CNS stimulant and sympathomimetic
Block norepi, dopamine, and serotonin reuptake
Increase catecholamine release and sensitize sympathetic effector cells to catecholamines
Direct effect on myocardium
Clinical signs associated with cocaine toxicosis?
Vomiting Hypersalivation Mydriasis Hyperactivity Tremors Convulsive seizures Hyperthermia Tachycardia Tachypnea
What lesions do you see due to cocaine toxicosis?
Myocardial degeneration
Subendocardial and pericardial hemorrhage
Pericardial effusion
Pulmonary hemorrhage
What would you see on a biochem in a case of cocaine toxicosis?
Elevated CK
Systemic acidosis
What is the DDX for cocaine toxicosis?
CNS stimulants
- amphetamine
- strychnine
- metaldehyde
- methylxanthine
- pseudoephedrine
- organophosphate and carbamate
- chlorinated hydrocarbons
- permethrin in cat
What is the treatment for cocaine toxicity?
Inducing vomiting
Gastric lavage with activated charcoal
Diazepam IV for seizure
Barbiturates or phenothiazine can be used
B blocker for tachyarrythmias
Sodium bicarb or LRS for acidosis
IV fluids to promote diuretics and maintain renal blood flow
Body temp monitored
What is the main active constituent of marijuana?
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Hashish (dried resin from flowers) contains up to ___% THC, but oil contains ______%
10; 20
What is the toxicity for THC in dogs?
3g/kg
This is 1000 times the behaviour ally effective dose in dogs
T/F: THC is lipid soluble
True
Oral absorption of THC is increased by ??
Ingestion of a fatty meal
Where is THC distributed in the body?
Binds to plasma proteins
All over body including CNS, and adipose tissue
What is the halflife of marijuana in dogs?
25-30 hours
Where is THC and its metabolites excreted?
Bile and feces
Undergoes enterohepatic recirculation
Only 10% excreted in urine
What is the MOA of THC?
2 cannabinoid receptors
—> CB1 in brain -> effect on memory, perception, and controls movement
—> CB1 and CB2 both on immune cells
What are the clinical signs of THC?
Vomiting, CNS depression, ataxia, incoordination, tremor, weakness, mydriasis, and hypothermia
Rare - seizure, excitability, bradycardia or tachycardia, hyperthermia, and apprehension
What specimens can be used to detect THC?
Urine
Stomach contents
T/F: the human urine test for marijuana is effective for testing dogs
False
In dogs there are several other metabolites
What is your DDX for marijuana toxicity?
CNS depressants
- opioid
- LSD
- PCP
- tranquilizer
- ethylene glycol
- propylene glycol
- alcohol
- macrolien antiparasitics
- muscle relaxant
- hallucinogenic mushrooms
How do you treat marijuana toxicosis?
Usually spontaneously resolve without treatment
Induction of emesis in animals who have not vomited (THC is antiemetic)
Activated charcoal and cathartic
Fluid, oxygen, diazepam for CNS stimulation
T/F: cannabinoids have a wide safety margin and are unlikely to be fatal
True
