Industrial toxicants - Petroleum and Fluoride Flashcards
What are the petroleum products?
Crude oil
- sweet crude oil
- sour crude oil
Refined Petrolium products
- aliphatic hydrocarbons (gasoline, kerosine, methane, propane)
- aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and xylene)
What are the uses of petrolium products?
Fuels
Solvents- paint thinners, engine degreaser, carrier for insecticide, pain and medications
Lubricant- motor oil, wax, asphalt
T/F: both crude oil and refined products are highly irritant to mucous membranes
True
Some oils contain chlorinated naphthalene (very stable) and can cause what in cattle?
Bovine skin hyperkeratosis
What petrolium products are relatively non-toxic because of their poor absorption?
Products with high boiling points
-asphalt, mineral oil, or waxes
What type of petroleum products are generally more pneumotoxic?
Low boiling points, low viscosity, low surface tension
Volatile compounds are generally more toxic because of greater absorption
Which is more toxic, sweet crude oil or sour crude oil?
Sweet crude oil
T/F: short chain aliphatics are very volitle and cause aspiration pneumonia
False
Short chain aliphatics are very volatile but low toxicity (methane, ethane, and propane)
Long chain aliphatics cause aspiration pneumonia (gasoline, kerosine, petroleum distalates)
What is the order of toxicity of the chlorinated hydrocarbons?
Carbon tetrachloride > chloroform > tetrachloroethane > trichloroethylene > tetrachloroethalyene
Aromatic hydrocarbons at 60ppm in air following prolonged exposure can cause ???
Bone marrow suppression
What species are the most susceptible to petroleum products?
Cattle
What species are highly susceptible to oil spills?
Aquatic wildlife and birds
Where are petroleum products absorbed?
GI mucosa, intact skin, and inhalation (proportional to molecular weight)
Eg aromatic hydrocarbons are more readily absorbed than aliphatic hydrocarbons
Where are aliphatic hydrocarbons metabolized and how?
Liver - oxidation
How are aromatic hydrocarbons metabolized? Excreted?
Hydroxylation to phenols and carboxylic acids
Excreted as conjugated with glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid or as glycine in urine/bile
T/F: volatile aliphatic hydrocarbons are partly excreted through the lungs
True
What is the MOA of petroleum products?
Aspiration pneumonia (ingestion causes vomiting-> aspiration) Inhalation causes chemical pneumonitis
Direct irrational of GI mucosa
Systemic- CNS depression, bone marrow suppression, sensitization of myocardium
What are the clinical signs of petroleum product toxicity?
Aspiration pneumonia - shivering, incoordination, anorexia, weight loss, fever, coughing, dyspnea, and abnormal lung sounds
Smell of oil or kerosene
Oil in feces CNS signs (depression)
What are lesions caused by petroleum products?
Aspiration pneumonia
Ulceration of tracheal mucosa
Oil may be fund in bronchi or GI tract
Aliphatic hydrocarbons cause degeneration and necrosis in the liver and kidney
What laboratory diagnostics can you use to determine petroleum toxicity?
detection in GI contents
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia —> aromatic hydrocarbons
Aspiration pneumonia on radiographs
How do you treat petroleum product toxicity?
Removal of oil from surfaces with soap
Symptomatic support (respiratory support, antibiotics, fluid therapy, and blood transfusion)
Emetic and gastric lavage and glucocorticoids are contraindicated !!
What are sources of fluoride toxicity??
Forages and pasture contaminated by industry
Feed and mineral supplements (minimum phos:fluoride ratio is 100:1)
Normal part of forages (esp legumes) and plants growing in fluoride rich soil
Fluoride has a strong affinity for ???
Calcium, aluminum, and iron
Is acute/chronic fluoride toxiciosis more common?
Chronic
Toxic levels of fluoride for most large animals are 40-60ppm, what factors can increase toxicity?
Type of fluoride: sodium fluoride is more toxic than calcium fluoride
Age: young animals more sensitive
Where is fluoride mainly stored?
Bones and teeth
Normal level is 1000-1500ppm
Where is fluoride mainly excreted?
Urine
What is the MOA of acute fluoride toxicosis?
Caustic on GI Hypocalcemia Coagulation defect Increased capillary permeability Inhibit many enzymes
What is the MOA of chronic fluoride toxiciosis?
Alteration/delayed mineralization of teeth
-damage ameloblast and odontoblasts —>brown black discolouration of defective enamel
Alteration of bone mineralization
-production of abnormal bone, osteoporosis
What are the clinical signs of acute fluoride toxicosis?
Gastroenteritis - may be hemorrhagic, excessive salivation, and vomiting
Urination and defecation
CNS stimulation and clonic convulsive seizures
Weight loss and decreased milk production
Death from respiratory and cardiac failure
What are the clinical signs of chronic fluoride toxicity?
Intermittent lameness with painful stiff gait
Bony exostoses
Spontaneous fractures
Teeth with mottling and patchy loss of denting
Brown colour around eroded areas in teeth
Anorexia, emaciation rough hair coat, and reduced milk production/reproduction
The main type of lesions found in acute fluoride toxicosis is _________, while chronic toxicosis lesions are mainly seen in ________
Hemorrhagic/congestion; bones and teeth
What is the best specimens for chemical analysis of fluoride tox?
Bone
Levels above 1500ppm are significant
Elevated urine level suggests recent espouse
Feed and water
What is the DDX for fluoride tox?
Vit D deficiency
Parathyroid
What is the treatment for fluoride tox?
Tolerance can be increased by balanced intake of Ca, phos, and vit D
Aluminum salts, Ca carbonate, and defluorinated phosphate orally to form insoluble compound with fluoride in gut
Feed/water containing excess fluoride can be diluted with uncontaminated feed or water
