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RUSVM Toxicology > Industrial toxicants - Petroleum and Fluoride > Flashcards

Industrial toxicants - Petroleum and Fluoride Flashcards

1
Q

What are the petroleum products?

A

Crude oil

  • sweet crude oil
  • sour crude oil

Refined Petrolium products

  • aliphatic hydrocarbons (gasoline, kerosine, methane, propane)
  • aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and xylene)
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2
Q

What are the uses of petrolium products?

A

Fuels
Solvents- paint thinners, engine degreaser, carrier for insecticide, pain and medications

Lubricant- motor oil, wax, asphalt

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3
Q

T/F: both crude oil and refined products are highly irritant to mucous membranes

A

True

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4
Q

Some oils contain chlorinated naphthalene (very stable) and can cause what in cattle?

A

Bovine skin hyperkeratosis

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5
Q

What petrolium products are relatively non-toxic because of their poor absorption?

A

Products with high boiling points

-asphalt, mineral oil, or waxes

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6
Q

What type of petroleum products are generally more pneumotoxic?

A

Low boiling points, low viscosity, low surface tension

Volatile compounds are generally more toxic because of greater absorption

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7
Q

Which is more toxic, sweet crude oil or sour crude oil?

A

Sweet crude oil

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8
Q

T/F: short chain aliphatics are very volitle and cause aspiration pneumonia

A

False

Short chain aliphatics are very volatile but low toxicity (methane, ethane, and propane)

Long chain aliphatics cause aspiration pneumonia (gasoline, kerosine, petroleum distalates)

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9
Q

What is the order of toxicity of the chlorinated hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon tetrachloride > chloroform > tetrachloroethane > trichloroethylene > tetrachloroethalyene

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10
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons at 60ppm in air following prolonged exposure can cause ???

A

Bone marrow suppression

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11
Q

What species are the most susceptible to petroleum products?

A

Cattle

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12
Q

What species are highly susceptible to oil spills?

A

Aquatic wildlife and birds

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13
Q

Where are petroleum products absorbed?

A

GI mucosa, intact skin, and inhalation (proportional to molecular weight)

Eg aromatic hydrocarbons are more readily absorbed than aliphatic hydrocarbons

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14
Q

Where are aliphatic hydrocarbons metabolized and how?

A

Liver - oxidation

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15
Q

How are aromatic hydrocarbons metabolized? Excreted?

A

Hydroxylation to phenols and carboxylic acids

Excreted as conjugated with glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid or as glycine in urine/bile

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16
Q

T/F: volatile aliphatic hydrocarbons are partly excreted through the lungs

A

True

17
Q

What is the MOA of petroleum products?

A 
Aspiration pneumonia (ingestion causes vomiting-> aspiration) 
Inhalation causes chemical pneumonitis

Direct irrational of GI mucosa

Systemic- CNS depression, bone marrow suppression, sensitization of myocardium

18
Q

What are the clinical signs of petroleum product toxicity?

A

Aspiration pneumonia - shivering, incoordination, anorexia, weight loss, fever, coughing, dyspnea, and abnormal lung sounds

Smell of oil or kerosene

Oil in feces 
CNS signs (depression)
19
Q

What are lesions caused by petroleum products?

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Ulceration of tracheal mucosa
Oil may be fund in bronchi or GI tract

Aliphatic hydrocarbons cause degeneration and necrosis in the liver and kidney

20
Q

What laboratory diagnostics can you use to determine petroleum toxicity?

A

detection in GI contents

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia —> aromatic hydrocarbons

Aspiration pneumonia on radiographs

21
Q

How do you treat petroleum product toxicity?

A

Removal of oil from surfaces with soap

Symptomatic support (respiratory support, antibiotics, fluid therapy, and blood transfusion)

Emetic and gastric lavage and glucocorticoids are contraindicated !!

22
Q

What are sources of fluoride toxicity??

A

Forages and pasture contaminated by industry

Feed and mineral supplements (minimum phos:fluoride ratio is 100:1)

Normal part of forages (esp legumes) and plants growing in fluoride rich soil

23
Q

Fluoride has a strong affinity for ???

A

Calcium, aluminum, and iron

24
Q

Is acute/chronic fluoride toxiciosis more common?

A

Chronic

25
Q

Toxic levels of fluoride for most large animals are 40-60ppm, what factors can increase toxicity?

A

Type of fluoride: sodium fluoride is more toxic than calcium fluoride

Age: young animals more sensitive

26
Q

Where is fluoride mainly stored?

A

Bones and teeth

Normal level is 1000-1500ppm

27
Q

Where is fluoride mainly excreted?

A

Urine

28
Q

What is the MOA of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A 
Caustic on GI 
Hypocalcemia 
Coagulation defect 
Increased capillary permeability 
Inhibit many enzymes
29
Q

What is the MOA of chronic fluoride toxiciosis?

A

Alteration/delayed mineralization of teeth
-damage ameloblast and odontoblasts —>brown black discolouration of defective enamel

Alteration of bone mineralization
-production of abnormal bone, osteoporosis

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

Gastroenteritis - may be hemorrhagic, excessive salivation, and vomiting
Urination and defecation
CNS stimulation and clonic convulsive seizures
Weight loss and decreased milk production
Death from respiratory and cardiac failure

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic fluoride toxicity?

A

Intermittent lameness with painful stiff gait

Bony exostoses
Spontaneous fractures

Teeth with mottling and patchy loss of denting

Brown colour around eroded areas in teeth

Anorexia, emaciation rough hair coat, and reduced milk production/reproduction

32
Q

The main type of lesions found in acute fluoride toxicosis is _________, while chronic toxicosis lesions are mainly seen in ________

A

Hemorrhagic/congestion; bones and teeth

33
Q

What is the best specimens for chemical analysis of fluoride tox?

A

Bone
Levels above 1500ppm are significant

Elevated urine level suggests recent espouse
Feed and water

34
Q

What is the DDX for fluoride tox?

A

Vit D deficiency

Parathyroid

35
Q

What is the treatment for fluoride tox?

A

Tolerance can be increased by balanced intake of Ca, phos, and vit D

Aluminum salts, Ca carbonate, and defluorinated phosphate orally to form insoluble compound with fluoride in gut

Feed/water containing excess fluoride can be diluted with uncontaminated feed or water

RUSVM Toxicology (23 decks)

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