Plant S#!t Flashcards
What are the acids in plants?
Insoluble Ca oxalates Soluble oxalates Isocupressic acid Quinones Tannic acid Triterpene acids
Dumbcane has what toxin?
Insoluble Ca oxalates
Other plants win this fam jam..
- flamingo plant
- caladium
- cut leaf philodendron
- peace lily and calla lily
- arrowhead vine
What is the MOA of insoluble Ca oxalate?
All parts of plant are toxic
Cells have needle shaped Ca oxalate crystals that penetrate barriers
Dog comes into clinic with..
Irritation of lips, mouth, throat and vomiting.
This is most associated with what toxic principle
Insoluble Ca oxalate
Eg dumbcane
Halogenton and greasewood are associated with what toxic principle?
Soluble oxalates
What is the MOA of soluble oxalates ?
Oxalates bind Ca —> hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble oxalates in soft tissue and kidney damage
Pig weed is associated with what toxic principles?
Soluble oxalate —> kidney damage
Nitrate —> methemoglobinemia and abortion
Ponderosa pine and Monterey cypress have what toxic plant prinicple?
Isocupressic acid
What is the MOA of isocupressic acid?
Vasoconstriction and decreased uterine blood flow
-> fetal release of cortisol and abortion
What toxic principle is found in st Johns wort?
Quinone
What is the MOA of quinone?
Primary photosensitization
-> plant contains photodynamic substance
Sheeps have been grazing on some yellow flowers in the field.. they now have erythema, pruitius, edema and necrosis on lightly pigemented areas..
What has happened to these poor sheeps?
Photosensitization from St. John’s wort
Contains Quninone
Your cattle has been grazing in a field with red maple, oak, and pine trees…
The cow is constipated, has brown urine, anorexia, depression, and rumen atony..
Which of these plants is most likely causing the clinical signs?
Oak tree
Tannic acid —> tissue damage with GI lesions (hemorrhagic gastritis) and Kidney damage
What is the MOA of tannic acid?
Astringent effect -> precipitate proteins causing GI and kidney damage
T/F: you are more likely to see kidney damage in ruminants rather than monogastrics after ingestion of oak?
True
Monogastrics have mainly GI signs —> colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea
What plant contains triterpne acids?
Lantana, yellow sage
What is the MOA of Lantana, yellow sage toxcitiy?
Liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization (decreased excretion of phylloerythrin)
Hepatic encephalopathy
Clinical signs of Lantana toxicosis?
Hepatic encephalopathy —> depression, anorexia, conspirator, diarrhea
Hepatic photosensitization —> photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis and sloughing
Icterus
What are the alkaloid plant toxins?
Colichicine Diterpene alkaoids Ergot alkaloids Indolizidine alkaloids Licorice Muscadine Piperidine alkaloids Pyridine alkaloids Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Solanine and solanidine Taxine alkaloids Tropane alkaloids Sanguine alkaloids
What toxic principle is in Glory lily and autumn crocus?
Colchicine
What is the MOA of colichine?
Antibiotic by binding to tublin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
—> whole body toxicity
What plants contain diterpene alkaloids?
Buttercup family
- Larksupur
- Monkshood
What is the MOA of monkshood toxicxity?
Diterpene alkaloids —> competitive nicotinic blockade and muscle endplante
—> paralysis (like NMBD)
How would you treat a paralysis caused by diterpene alkaloids ??
Causes neuromuscular blockade
Anticholinergic —> neosigmine and physostigimine
Muscle weakness, staggering, bloat, and recumbency and collapse are early signs of what all but which plant?
A. Locoweed
B. Monkshood
C. Poison hemlock
D. Tobacco
A. Locoweed
causes peripheral neuronal degeneration —> depression, incoordination, ataxia, and abnormal behaviour
Monkshood —> Neuromuclar blockade
Poison hemlock —> NM simulation followed by blockade
Tobacco —> NM simulation followed by blockade
MOA of ergot?
Vasoconstriction and gangrene
Uterine contractions
What is your DDX for loss of hair and hoof/ gangrene??
Ergot —> vasoconstriction causing gangrene
Selenium —> changes in proteins
What toxic plant principles is in locoweeds/milkvetch?
Indolizidine alkaoids
Selenium
Nitropropanol glycoside
What is the MOA of indolizidine alkaloids?
Inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins
Neurotoxic alkaloids —> alter cellular function in the brain
What is the MOA of nitropropranol glycoside?
Peripheral neuronal degeneration and respirate signs
Clinical signs associated with locoweed toxicity?
Depression Incoordination Ataxia Circling Abnormal behaviour
Amaryllis plants like Narcissus (daffodils) and river Lilly’s have what toxic principle, and what is its MOA?
Lycorine —> emetic and purgative
Bulb is most toxic
What is the MOA of amanita muscaria (mushroom)?
Stimulate muscarinic cholingeric receptors
CNS stimulation —> seizure
What is the treatment for amanita poisoning?
Atropine (muscarinic antagonist)
Symptomatic and decontaminate
What plants contain piperidine alkaloids?
Poison hemlock/ spotted hemlock
Lupine
Tobacco
What is the MOA of piperidine alkaloids?
Nicotinic effect at ganglionic and neuromuscular synapses —> stimulation followed by blockade
Clinical signs associated with tobacco and poison hemlock toxicity?
Ataxia and incoordination (neuromuscular blockade)
Birth defects (skeletal malformations and cleft palate)
What are the two toxic principles found in tobacco plants?
Piperidine alkaloid Pyridine alkaloids (nightshade family)
What is the MOA of lobelia?
Pyridine alkaloid
-> agonist at nicotinic receptors
Low dose -> deloplarize
High dose-> blockade
Tobacco also has this MOA
Clinical signs..
excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, and tachypnea
Muscle twitching/weakness, and dyspnea
Associated with what plant toxicity?
Tobacco and lobelia - pyridine alkaloid
Rattlebox/ crotolaria have what MOA resulting in what clinical signs?
Hepatotoxicity
—> photosensitization
—> hepatic encephalopathy (head pressing and mania)
Solanine and solanidine alkaloids are found in what plants?
Nightshade family
- black nightshade
- eggplant
- tomato
- Chinese lantern
What is the MOA of solanine and solanidine alkaoids?
GI, CNS, respiratory and cardiac (similar effect to atropine)
Japanese yew contains what toxic plant principle? MOA?
Taxine alkaloid
Cardiotoxic and GI effects
What plants contain tropane alkaloids?
Jimsonweed
Devils trumpet
Angels trumpet
What is the MOA of tropane alkaloid? What could you use to treat?
Inhibit Na/K ATPase and increased intracellular Na and Ca —> arrhythmic at high dose —> CNS: seizures —> mydriasis —> GI
Treat with pysostigmine
MOA of xanthine alkaliods ?
= caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine
Block adenosine receptors
Inhibit phosphodiesterase
What are clinical signs associated with ingestion of cocoa and coffee plants?
CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures
Muscle tremors
Salivation, vomiting, diarrhea
Tachycardia and hypotension
Coffee weed (senna) and Aloe contains which toxin?
Anthraquinones
What is the MOA of anthraquinones?
Purgative
Irritation of GI tract
Coffee weed (senna) has an unknown principle causing skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration. What would be another DDX for these signs?
Ionophore (monenesin) toxicity
What plant contains calcinogenic glycosides?
Day-blooming jessamine (night shade family —> fragrant flowers)
What is the MOA of day-blooming jessamine?
Calcinogenic glycoside
—> hypercalcemia —> calcification of the arteries, tendons, and ligaments
What toxins cause a hypercalcemia ?
Carcinogenic glycosides (day blooming jessamine) Calciferol rodenticides
What toxin is found in cocklebur?
Carboxytractyloside (sulfates glycoside)
What is the MOA of carboxytractyloside?
Hepatotoxicity —> photosensitization and encephalopathy
Mechanical injury to mouth -> excessive salivation
Oleander has what toxin?
Cardiac glycosides
What is the MOA of cardiac glycosides?
Inhibit Na/K ATPase
GI irritation
What plants contain cardiac glycosides?
Foxglove Oleander Periwinkle Desert rose Milkweed Lily of the valley Christmas Kallanchoe
What is the toxin in sweet clover?
Coumarin glycosides
What is the MOA of sweet clover toxicity?
Coumarin forms dicoumarol in spoiled plants —> antivitamin K -> lack of coag factors 2, 7, 9, 10
Hemorrhage and petechiae are associated with what toxins?
Warfarin (anticoagulant rodenticides) Sweet clover (coumarin glycosides) —> yellow flower
What is the antidote to toxicity caused by sweet clover?
Vit K
Fresh frozen plasma
Whole blood
What is the MOA of cyanogenic glycosides ?
Release of HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants
- > inhibit cytochrome oxidase and inhibit cellular respiration —> respiratory symptoms due to anoxia—> blood will be bright red due to hyperoxygenation
- > inhibit glycolysis
- > inhibit CAC
- > irritation of mucus membranes
HCN is metabolized to thiocyanate (SCN) in liver —> antithyroid
What toxins produce hyperoxygenation of the blood causing it to be bright red in colour?
Wild cherries, elderberry, and Johnson grass (cyanogenic glycosides)
Hydrogen sulfide
What therapy can be used to reactivate cytochrome oxidase in poisoning with wild cherries/ Johnson grass?
Sodium nitrite
What plants have cycasin?
Cycad family
-Sago palm
Zamiaceae
- Cardboard palm
- Coontie
What are the 3 toxins of cycad palms?
Cycasin (glycoside) —> GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic
B-methylamino-L-alanine —> neurotoxic amino acid
Unknown —> axonal degeneration
What clinical signs result from ingestion of sago palm and friends?
Depend on amount and duration
GI —> vomiting with or without blood, anorexia, diarrhea
Liver—> photosensitization/ depression, and sometimes seizures
CNS-> ataxia, weakness, and weight loss
What plants contain glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycosides)?
Rape seed Kale Broccoli Cabbage Brussel sprout Turnip Cauliflower
Soybean
Flax
—> antithyroid effects
Milkvetch contain what toxic compounds?
Nitropropanol glycoside
What is the MOA of nitropropanol glycoside?
Inhibit enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
What are the clinical signs associated with ingestion of milkvetch?
Respiratory and neurological signs in cattle and sheep
White clover and alfalfa has what toxin?
Phytoestrogens
What is the MOA of toxicity in white clover and alfalfa?
Estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
What clinical signs are caused by phytoestrogens found in white clover?
Infertility in females
Decreased libido and feminization in males
The buttercup family (anemone, ranuculus, clematis, and helleborus) contain which toxin?
Protoamemonin
What is the MOA of protoanemonin?
Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside
Causes severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis
Bracken fern has what toxin?
Ptaquloside
What is the MOA of ptaquloside, found in bracken fern?
Death of precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep
Neoplasm in urinary tract of bovine (enzootic bovine hematuria)
Tumors of upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep
T/F: blood in urine, anemia, and tachycardia are clinical findings consistent with enzootic bovine hematuria
True
Caused by bracken fern
What plants contain steroidal saponins?
Agave
Nolina
Panicum spp (grass)
What is the MOA of lechuguilla, agave, nolina, and paniculm plants?
Steroidal saponins
-> liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin as a metabolite of chorphyll
—> photosensitization
T/F: dracaena and crdyline are steroidal saponins with their main effect on the liver producing photosensitization
False
They are steroidal saponins but mainly cause GI irritation
Cottonseed contains what toxin?
Gossypol
What is the MOA of cottonseed?
Gossypol —> cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage
Reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules
Bind to protein, amino acids, and iron —> protein malnutrition, inhibit enzymes, and interferes with hemoglobin synthesis
__________ decreased toxicity of gossypol by inactivating in and enhancing excretion
Iron salts
What species are more sensitive to gossypol toxicity?
Monogastrics > ruminant
