Intro/calculations Flashcards
Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs, what makes the difference ?
Dose
What are xenobiotics?
Foreign chemicals that the body does not produce
Eg drugs and toxins
What is the definition of toxicant ?
Any substance when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal
What are natural sources of poisons?
Plant
Animal
Mineral
Fungi or bacteria
What is a toxin?
Aka biotoxin
Poison from biological process (natural)
What does it mean to be toxic?
To have deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons
What is toxicity?
Amount of a poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects
In mammals, toxicity is usually expressed as __________
LD50 (mg/kg BWt)
In birds and fish, toxicity is usually expressed as _______
LC50 (mg/kg BWt or mg/liter water)
________ toxicity is the effect of a single dose or multiple doses during at 24hr period
Acute
________toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure from one to 30days
Subacute
__________ toxicity is the effect of exposure from 30 to 90 days
Subchronic
_________ toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months
Chronic
What is chronicity factor?
The ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50.
Compounds with cumulative effects have high chronicity factors
A chronicity factor greater than 2 indicates?
Cumulative toxicant
A toxin is considered extremely toxic if the toxic dose is ______
1mg/kg or less
A toxin is considered highly toxic if the toxic dose is ______
1-50 mg/kg
A toxin is considered moderately toxic if the toxic dose is ______
> 50-500mg/kg
A toxin is considered slightly toxic if the toxic dose is ______
> 0.5-5 g/kg
A toxin is considered practically nontoxic if the toxic dose is ______
5-15 g/kg
A toxin is considered relatively harmless if the toxic dose is ______
> 15g/kg
What is the highest non toxic dose?
Highest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations
What is the maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose?
Similar to highest nontoxic dose
What is the toxic dose low?
Lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death
What is the toxic dose high?
The dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this does will result in death
What is the no effect level?
Aka maximum nontoxic level
Is the amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness, or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period
What is the lethal dose ?
Dose that causes death in any animal during the period of observation
LD0?
Highest dose that does not cause any death
LD50?
Dose that kills 50% of animals in a group
LD100?
Lowest dose that kills all the animals in a group
___________ is the danger from the possibility of exposure
Hazard (risk)
T/F: a poison can be highly toxic but not hazardous
True
How is risk factor calculated?
Ratio between toxicity and use level
1ppm = ______ mg/kg
1
1ppm = _________mg(chemical)/mg(material)
1,000,000
1ppm= _______ ug/kg
1
1ppb = 1__/kg
ug
1ppt=1__/kg
ng
What is 1ppm in percentage ?
1ppm = 1mg/ 1000,000
= 0.000001 x 100
=0.0001%
What is the calculation to make a diluted solution from concentrated stock solution ?
.mL needed from stock = % required dilution/%from stock x volume required in mL
What is 100g/ton in ppm?
100g/ton 1g/ton = 1000mg/2000lbs 1kg =2.205lbs 2000lbs x 1kg/2.205lbs = 907kg 1g/ton = 1000mg/907kg =1.1mg/kg 100g/ton = 110mg/kg or ppm
You want a pig feed to contain 300ppm arsanilic acid as a growth promoter. How many grams are needed per ton?
100g/ton = 110ppm
300g/ton / 110ppm = Xg/ton / 100g/ton
X= 300 x 100 / 110
X= 273g/ton
A feed additive for piglets was added at concentration of 220ppm. How much is needed for 8 tons?
220ppm/ 110ppm = Xg/ton / 100g/ton
200 x 100 / 110 = 200g/ton
200g/ton x 8tons = 1600g or 1.6kg
You want a feed additive for calves in the level of 80ppm. How much drug is needed for 10 tons?
80ppm/ 110ppm = Xg/ton / 100g/ton
X= 80 x 100 / 110
X= 72.7g/ton x 10tons
X= 727g
How can you determine toxicity from the level of drug in a feed?
Toxicity (mg/kg) = ppm in feed x kg feed eaten daily / body weight in kg
OR
Toxicity (mg/kg) = ppm in feed x (% of feed consumed daily)
If the toxic level of rug in feed is 50ppm for a 20lb pig, what is the toxicity if the pig eats 8% of its body weight?
Toxicity = 50ppm x 0.08 = 4mg/kg
Toxicity of a new feed additive is 6mg/kg for young pigs. In chemical analysis, the level was 90ppm in feed. Would 90ppm be high enough to cause toxicosis, knowing that young pigs eat 8% of their body weight
Ppm = 6mg/kg / 0.08 = 75ppm
Yes 90ppm is greater than the level required to cause toxicosis
How can you express the level of lead in a poisoned dog as 0.8ppm in..
mg/100mL
Ug/mL
Mg%
0.8ppm = 0.8mg/kg (1kg=1litre)
0.8mg/kg= 0.8mg/L (1000mL /L )
0.8mg/L = 0.8mg/1000mL
**0.8mg/100mL
=0.0008mg/mL (1mg=1000ug)
**=0.8ug/mL
**=0.08mg%
On average, grazing animals consume about ___% of ther body weight green forage
3
Good quality pasture will approximately produce ______g green forage per square food
45
Every animal that ingests green forage that has been sprayed by a chemical at the rate of 1lb/acre, will be exposed to approx ____mg/kg body weight
7
