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RUSVM Toxicology > Intro/calculations > Flashcards

Intro/calculations Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs, what makes the difference ?

A

Dose

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2
Q

What are xenobiotics?

A

Foreign chemicals that the body does not produce

Eg drugs and toxins

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3
Q

What is the definition of toxicant ?

A

Any substance when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal

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4
Q

What are natural sources of poisons?

A

Plant
Animal
Mineral
Fungi or bacteria

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5
Q

What is a toxin?

A

Aka biotoxin

Poison from biological process (natural)

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6
Q

What does it mean to be toxic?

A

To have deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons

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7
Q

What is toxicity?

A

Amount of a poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects

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8
Q

In mammals, toxicity is usually expressed as __________

A

LD50 (mg/kg BWt)

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9
Q

In birds and fish, toxicity is usually expressed as _______

A

LC50 (mg/kg BWt or mg/liter water)

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10
Q

________ toxicity is the effect of a single dose or multiple doses during at 24hr period

A

Acute

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11
Q

________toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure from one to 30days

A

Subacute

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12
Q

__________ toxicity is the effect of exposure from 30 to 90 days

A

Subchronic

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13
Q

_________ toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months

A

Chronic

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14
Q

What is chronicity factor?

A

The ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50.

Compounds with cumulative effects have high chronicity factors

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15
Q

A chronicity factor greater than 2 indicates?

A

Cumulative toxicant

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16
Q

A toxin is considered extremely toxic if the toxic dose is ______

A

1mg/kg or less

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17
Q

A toxin is considered highly toxic if the toxic dose is ______

A

1-50 mg/kg

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18
Q

A toxin is considered moderately toxic if the toxic dose is ______

A

> 50-500mg/kg

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19
Q

A toxin is considered slightly toxic if the toxic dose is ______

A

> 0.5-5 g/kg

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20
Q

A toxin is considered practically nontoxic if the toxic dose is ______

A

5-15 g/kg

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21
Q

A toxin is considered relatively harmless if the toxic dose is ______

A

> 15g/kg

22
Q

What is the highest non toxic dose?

A

Highest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations

23
Q

What is the maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose?

A

Similar to highest nontoxic dose

24
Q

What is the toxic dose low?

A

Lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death

25
Q

What is the toxic dose high?

A

The dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this does will result in death

26
Q

What is the no effect level?

A

Aka maximum nontoxic level
Is the amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness, or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period

27
Q

What is the lethal dose ?

A

Dose that causes death in any animal during the period of observation

28
Q

LD0?

A

Highest dose that does not cause any death

29
Q

LD50?

A

Dose that kills 50% of animals in a group

30
Q

LD100?

A

Lowest dose that kills all the animals in a group

31
Q

___________ is the danger from the possibility of exposure

A

Hazard (risk)

32
Q

T/F: a poison can be highly toxic but not hazardous

A

True

33
Q

How is risk factor calculated?

A

Ratio between toxicity and use level

34
Q

1ppm = ______ mg/kg

A

1

35
Q

1ppm = _________mg(chemical)/mg(material)

A

1,000,000

36
Q

1ppm= _______ ug/kg

A

1

37
Q

1ppb = 1__/kg

A

ug

38
Q

1ppt=1__/kg

A

ng

39
Q

What is 1ppm in percentage ?

A

1ppm = 1mg/ 1000,000
= 0.000001 x 100
=0.0001%

40
Q

What is the calculation to make a diluted solution from concentrated stock solution ?

A

.mL needed from stock = % required dilution/%from stock x volume required in mL

41
Q

What is 100g/ton in ppm?

A 
100g/ton
1g/ton = 1000mg/2000lbs
1kg =2.205lbs 
2000lbs x 1kg/2.205lbs = 907kg
1g/ton = 1000mg/907kg 
=1.1mg/kg 
100g/ton = 110mg/kg or ppm
42
Q

You want a pig feed to contain 300ppm arsanilic acid as a growth promoter. How many grams are needed per ton?

A

100g/ton = 110ppm

300g/ton / 110ppm = Xg/ton / 100g/ton
X= 300 x 100 / 110
X= 273g/ton

43
Q

A feed additive for piglets was added at concentration of 220ppm. How much is needed for 8 tons?

A

220ppm/ 110ppm = Xg/ton / 100g/ton
200 x 100 / 110 = 200g/ton

200g/ton x 8tons = 1600g or 1.6kg

44
Q

You want a feed additive for calves in the level of 80ppm. How much drug is needed for 10 tons?

A

80ppm/ 110ppm = Xg/ton / 100g/ton
X= 80 x 100 / 110
X= 72.7g/ton x 10tons

X= 727g

45
Q

How can you determine toxicity from the level of drug in a feed?

A

Toxicity (mg/kg) = ppm in feed x kg feed eaten daily / body weight in kg
OR
Toxicity (mg/kg) = ppm in feed x (% of feed consumed daily)

46
Q

If the toxic level of rug in feed is 50ppm for a 20lb pig, what is the toxicity if the pig eats 8% of its body weight?

A

Toxicity = 50ppm x 0.08 = 4mg/kg

47
Q

Toxicity of a new feed additive is 6mg/kg for young pigs. In chemical analysis, the level was 90ppm in feed. Would 90ppm be high enough to cause toxicosis, knowing that young pigs eat 8% of their body weight

A

Ppm = 6mg/kg / 0.08 = 75ppm

Yes 90ppm is greater than the level required to cause toxicosis

48
Q

How can you express the level of lead in a poisoned dog as 0.8ppm in..
mg/100mL
Ug/mL
Mg%

A

0.8ppm = 0.8mg/kg (1kg=1litre)
0.8mg/kg= 0.8mg/L (1000mL /L )
0.8mg/L = 0.8mg/1000mL
**0.8mg/100mL
=0.0008mg/mL (1mg=1000ug)
**=0.8ug/mL
**=0.08mg%

49
Q

On average, grazing animals consume about ___% of ther body weight green forage

A

3

50
Q

Good quality pasture will approximately produce ______g green forage per square food

A

45

51
Q

Every animal that ingests green forage that has been sprayed by a chemical at the rate of 1lb/acre, will be exposed to approx ____mg/kg body weight

A

7

RUSVM Toxicology (23 decks)

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