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Principles of Biological Oceanography > Zooplankton > Flashcards

Zooplankton Flashcards

1
Q

Pelagic

A

Water column where floating and free swimming organisms live

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2
Q

Benthic

A

Bottom

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3
Q

Pleuston/neuston

A

Surface

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4
Q

Nekton / plankton

A

Pelagic organism

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5
Q

Benthic organism

A

on bottom

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6
Q

Sessile

A

stuck to bottom

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7
Q

epifauna

A

live on bottom

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8
Q

Endofauna

A

Live in bottom

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9
Q

Vagile

A

able to swim about

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10
Q

demersal

A

live and feed on or near bottoms

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11
Q

meiofauna

A

live in interstitial space

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12
Q

Holoplankton

A

Pelagic species spending entire life cycle in open water

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13
Q

Meroplankton

A

Pelagic stages of those species, which otherwise are nektik or benthic (fish larvae)

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14
Q

Qualitative sampling

A

What species?

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15
Q

Quantative sampling

A

obtain density estimates of 1 species

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16
Q

water filtration

A

yields qualitative and quantitative samples

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17
Q

water sampling

A

quantitative sampling

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18
Q

in-situ

A

in original / normal position of place

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19
Q

how to analyse zooplankton?

A

In-situ imaging, bio-acoustic methods, DNA barcoding

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20
Q

Tintinnida

A

bell shaped

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21
Q

ctenophora

A

comb-jellies

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22
Q

cnidaria

A

jellyfish, sea anemones and corals, hydrozoans

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23
Q

cnidaria reproduction cycle

A

medusa and polyp stages

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24
Q

Crustacea copepoda

A

copepods

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25
Q

crustacea cirripedia

26
Q

crustacea decapoda

A

crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns and shrimps

27
Q

chaetognatha

A

arrow worms

28
Q

mollusca bivalvia

A

clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

29
Q

mollusca gastropoda

A

snails and slugs

29
Q

mollusca cephalopoda

A

squids, octopuses and nautiluses

30
Q

Annelida polychaeta

A

bristle worms

31
Q

echinodermata

A

starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

32
Q

chordata tunicata

A

larvacea and thaliacea

33
Q

chordata vertebrates

A

fish eggs and larvae

34
Q

DVM

A

Diel vertical migration

35
Q

Reverse DVM

A

Fish prefer larger prey, so larger zooplankton move down during the day. Smaller zooplankton get predated on by larger zooplankton, so follow the fish.

36
Q

Hypotheses DVM

A

avoid visual predators, food availability, metabolic advantages, avoid harmful irradiation/temperature, horizontal dispersal

37
Q

advantages of being small 1

A

inconspicuous, so predators start filterfeeding

38
Q

Advantages of being small 2

A

Small prey difficult to catch individually, due to viscosity they are pushed away. Predators may use suction or filter feeding to avoid this.

39
Q

advantages of being small 3

A

Slow sinking due to viscosity

40
Q

Large Re

A

Inertial forces dominant

41
Q

Small Re

A

Viscosity forces dominant

42
Q

Large Re

A

Turbulent flow: vortices and chaotic changes in pressure, kinetic energy

43
Q

Small Re

A

Laminar flow: smooth and constant, Viscous damping

44
Q

Sinking velocity

A

increases with r2, proportional to difference weight water and particle

45
Q

Low sinking rate

A

as small as possible, density close to seawater, maximize resistive area

46
Q

How to be as light as possible?

A

expel heavy ions, take up light ions, maintain osmotic stability

47
Q

how to be as light as possible, examples

A

Air and lipid sacs, sacs with same density as seawater, high levels NH4Cl which is lighter than NaCl

48
Q

Increase resistive area by

A

having a large relative are and minimise volume: large appendices like spines and hairs

49
Q

How does zooplankton not sink?

A

Be as light as possible, increase resistive are, Active swimming

50
Q

Animal locomotion tracking advantages

A

Control over situation, increase detection sensitivity

51
Q

Animal locomotion tracking disadvantages

A

Labour + computationally intensive, species specific

52
Q

Visualize water flow micro PIV advantages

A

Control over situation, can measure with models

53
Q

Visualize water flow micro PIV disadvantages

A

Species specific, careful with laser, if animal is non transparent it will cast a shadow, only 2D

54
Q

Visualize water flow computationally advantages

A

Control over situation, no live animals, can be done in 3D

55
Q

Visualize water flow computationally disadvantages

A

Computationally costly and time consuming, need info on geometry/material properties

56
Q

How to swim at low Re

A

Asymmetric movement

57
Q

How to swim at intermediate Re

A

Less asymmetric in path, more asymmetric in speed

58
Q

sticky tentacles

A

Ctenophora

59
Q

Stinging cells

Principles of Biological Oceanography (10 decks)

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