Zooplankton

Question 1

Pelagic

Answer 1

Water column where floating and free swimming organisms live

Question 2

Benthic

Answer 2

Bottom

Question 3

Pleuston/neuston

Answer 3

Surface

Question 4

Nekton / plankton

Answer 4

Pelagic organism

Question 5

Benthic organism

Answer 5

on bottom

Question 6

Sessile

Answer 6

stuck to bottom

Question 7

epifauna

Answer 7

live on bottom

Question 8

Endofauna

Answer 8

Live in bottom

Question 9

Vagile

Answer 9

able to swim about

Question 10

demersal

Answer 10

live and feed on or near bottoms

Question 11

meiofauna

Answer 11

live in interstitial space

Question 12

Holoplankton

Answer 12

Pelagic species spending entire life cycle in open water

Question 13

Meroplankton

Answer 13

Pelagic stages of those species, which otherwise are nektik or benthic (fish larvae)

Question 14

Qualitative sampling

Answer 14

What species?

Question 15

Quantative sampling

Answer 15

obtain density estimates of 1 species

Question 16

water filtration

Answer 16

yields qualitative and quantitative samples

Question 17

water sampling

Answer 17

quantitative sampling

Question 18

in-situ

Answer 18

in original / normal position of place

Question 19

how to analyse zooplankton?

Answer 19

In-situ imaging, bio-acoustic methods, DNA barcoding

Question 20

Tintinnida

Answer 20

bell shaped

Question 21

ctenophora

Answer 21

comb-jellies

Question 22

cnidaria

Answer 22

jellyfish, sea anemones and corals, hydrozoans

Question 23

cnidaria reproduction cycle

Answer 23

medusa and polyp stages

Question 24

Crustacea copepoda

Answer 24

copepods

Question 25

crustacea cirripedia

Answer 25

barnacles

Question 26

crustacea decapoda

Answer 26

crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns and shrimps

Question 27

chaetognatha

Answer 27

arrow worms

Question 28

mollusca bivalvia

Answer 28

clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

Question 29

mollusca gastropoda

Answer 29

snails and slugs

Question 29

mollusca cephalopoda

Answer 29

squids, octopuses and nautiluses

Question 30

Annelida polychaeta

Answer 30

bristle worms

Question 31

echinodermata

Answer 31

starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Question 32

chordata tunicata

Answer 32

larvacea and thaliacea

Question 33

chordata vertebrates

Answer 33

fish eggs and larvae

Question 34

DVM

Answer 34

Diel vertical migration

Question 35

Reverse DVM

Answer 35

Fish prefer larger prey, so larger zooplankton move down during the day. Smaller zooplankton get predated on by larger zooplankton, so follow the fish.

Question 36

Hypotheses DVM

Answer 36

avoid visual predators, food availability, metabolic advantages, avoid harmful irradiation/temperature, horizontal dispersal

Question 37

advantages of being small 1

Answer 37

inconspicuous, so predators start filterfeeding

Question 38

Advantages of being small 2

Answer 38

Small prey difficult to catch individually, due to viscosity they are pushed away. Predators may use suction or filter feeding to avoid this.

Question 39

advantages of being small 3

Answer 39

Slow sinking due to viscosity

Question 40

Large Re

Answer 40

Inertial forces dominant

Question 41

Small Re

Answer 41

Viscosity forces dominant

Question 42

Large Re

Answer 42

Turbulent flow: vortices and chaotic changes in pressure, kinetic energy

Question 43

Small Re

Answer 43

Laminar flow: smooth and constant, Viscous damping

Question 44

Sinking velocity

Answer 44

increases with r2, proportional to difference weight water and particle

Question 45

Low sinking rate

Answer 45

as small as possible, density close to seawater, maximize resistive area

Question 46

How to be as light as possible?

Answer 46

expel heavy ions, take up light ions, maintain osmotic stability

Question 47

how to be as light as possible, examples

Answer 47

Air and lipid sacs, sacs with same density as seawater, high levels NH4Cl which is lighter than NaCl

Question 48

Increase resistive area by

Answer 48

having a large relative are and minimise volume: large appendices like spines and hairs

Question 49

How does zooplankton not sink?

Answer 49

Be as light as possible, increase resistive are, Active swimming

Question 50

Animal locomotion tracking advantages

Answer 50

Control over situation, increase detection sensitivity

Question 51

Animal locomotion tracking disadvantages

Answer 51

Labour + computationally intensive, species specific

Question 52

Visualize water flow micro PIV advantages

Answer 52

Control over situation, can measure with models

Question 53

Visualize water flow micro PIV disadvantages

Answer 53

Species specific, careful with laser, if animal is non transparent it will cast a shadow, only 2D

Question 54

Visualize water flow computationally advantages

Answer 54

Control over situation, no live animals, can be done in 3D

Question 55

Visualize water flow computationally disadvantages

Answer 55

Computationally costly and time consuming, need info on geometry/material properties

Question 56

How to swim at low Re

Answer 56

Asymmetric movement

Question 57

How to swim at intermediate Re

Answer 57

Less asymmetric in path, more asymmetric in speed

Question 58

sticky tentacles

Answer 58

Ctenophora

Question 59

Stinging cells

Answer 59

cnidaria