Nekton

Question 1

Crustacea Decapoda

Answer 1

crabs and lobsters

Question 2

Mollusca bivalvia

Answer 2

scallops

Question 3

Mollusca cephalopoda

Answer 3

nautiluses, squids and octopods

Question 4

fishes are not a formal

Answer 4

taxonomic group

Question 5

cartilaginous fishes

Answer 5

sharks, rays, chimaeras

Question 6

teleosts

Answer 6

bony fish

Question 7

reptilia, squamata

Answer 7

lizards and snakes

Question 8

reptilia: testudines

Answer 8

marine/sea turtles

Question 9

reptilia: crocodilia

Answer 9

crocodiles

Question 10

reptilia: aves

Answer 10

birds!!!!! <3 <3

Question 11

Mammalia: sirenia

Answer 11

manatees and dugongs

Question 12

Mammalia: Cetacea

Answer 12

whales

Question 13

catacea: mysticeti

Answer 13

baleen whales

Question 14

catacea: odontoceti

Answer 14

toothed whales

Question 15

Mammalia: pinnipedia

Answer 15

seals, walruses

Question 16

Pinnipedia: odobenidae

Answer 16

walrus

Question 17

Pinnipedia: otariidae

Answer 17

eared seals

Question 18

Pinnipedia: phocidae

Answer 18

earless seals

Question 19

Mammalia: ursidae

Answer 19

polar bears

Question 20

Mammalia: mustelidae

Answer 20

sea otter

Question 21

fish life cycle Atlantic salmon

Answer 21

spawn in fresh water, eggs develop through multiple larval stadia, smolts migrate to sea, develop as adults and return to fresh water for spawning.

Question 22

migration: distributional snapshots

Answer 22

check group, but don’t know what happened in the time in between, or if it’s the same group. –> fish catches

Question 23

migration: banding tag-recapture

Answer 23

same individuals, but some individuals may disappear –> tag with identifier

Question 24

Telemetry

Answer 24

measure individual animal movements –> electronic tag which emits info

Question 25

life-cycle trackers

Answer 25

track life cycle of individuals –> stable isotope or otolith analysis

Question 26

diadromous

Answer 26

migration between fresh and marine water

Question 27

catadromous

Answer 27

adults migrate ‘down’ to sea, spawn at sea, juveniles migrate to fresh water. like paling!!

Question 28

anadromous

Answer 28

adults migrate ‘up’ to fresh water, spawn there, juveniles move back to sea. like salmon!!

Question 29

oceanodromous

Answer 29

fish that migrate wholly in the sea to spawn, like haring!! or tuna!!!

Question 30

no parental care

Answer 30

80% of fish species. produce numerous eggs –> high mortality but sufficient survival.

Question 31

parental care

Answer 31

20%, only lay a few eggs. ensure survival by guarding

Question 32

whale calving and impregnation

Answer 32

in warm water. weaning and gestation in cold water

Question 33

Re < 1

Answer 33

viscosity dominant

Question 34

Re > 1

Answer 34

inertia is dominant

Question 35

muscle fibers of fish are not

Answer 35

parallel along the body axis, they lay like a coil

Question 36

white muscles

Answer 36

anaerobic, fast contraction and powerful, but relatively quickly fatigue. mostly for special manoeuvres like escapes

Question 37

red muscles

Answer 37

aerobic, slow contraction and less powerful but long endurance!

Question 38

tuna have red muscle fibers closer to core, why?

Answer 38

endothermic species: inside of body warmer than external temperatures. red muscle becomes more efficient with higher temperature

Question 39

hypocercal tail

Answer 39

lower fin longer –> can still generate power with under tail when upper part is out of the water. flying fish.

Question 40

epicercal

Answer 40

upper ion higher: sharks can hit fish

Question 41

homocercal

Answer 41

equal in shape

Question 42

pelagic fish tail

Answer 42

homocercal

Question 43

benthic fish

Answer 43

assymetric fin, heterocercal

Question 44

aspect ratio of fin

Answer 44

measure of how long and slender a fin is from fin root to tip. higher aspect ratio fins have lower drag and higher lift.

Question 45

aspect ratio fin formula

Answer 45

S^2/A

Question 46

Caudal keel

Answer 46

to minimize resistance

Question 47

well streamlined body combines

Answer 47

low drag with largest possible volume. 0.23

Question 48

name why bluefin tuna is so well stramlined

Answer 48

small frontal area, teardrop shape, streamlined and smooth body, no braking objects sticking out.

Question 49

box fish swim with

Answer 49

fins only

Question 50

shoaling

Answer 50

any group of fish that stay together for social reasons

Question 51

schooling

Answer 51

if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated matter

Question 52

advantages of schooling

Answer 52

confuse predators, easier to find a mate, social interaction, reduce cost of swimming because of hydrodynamic advantages, foraging advantages –> 200 eyes see more than 1

Question 53

bulk filter feeding

Answer 53

get a big mouthful of water and filter it

Question 54

suction feeding in fishes

Answer 54

mouth opened with opercular plates closed, branchiostegal membrane is lowered + abduction of opercular, mouth closes.

Question 55

cranial kinesis

Answer 55

movement of skull bones

Question 56

premaxilla

Answer 56

protrusion of mouth –> brings mouth closer to the predator

Question 57

pharyngeal jaws

Answer 57

second set of jaws in mouth

Question 58

nekton uses which kind of swimming?

Answer 58

undulatory swimming