Zoonotic Infections Flashcards by Tesla Trooper

Brucella species cause brucellosis or ________ fever

undulant

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Source of human infection for Brucella species are?

Pigs, cattles, goats and sheep

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Brucella species enter the body either by ingestion of contaminated ______ (water/food/milk) products or through the skin by direct contact

milk

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What is the pathogenesis of Brucella?

Some endotoxin is involved. Host response is granulomatous

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___________(Cheese/Bitten by ticks) can be a potential source of infection from Brucella

Cheese

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What are the clinical findings of brucella infection?

After an incubation period of 1 to 3 weeks, fever, chills, fatigue, malaise, anorexia,
and weight loss occur.
The onset can be acute or gradual.
Undulating(rising-and-falling) fever pattern
Enlarged lymph nodes, liver, and spleen Pancytopenia occurs

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What is the complication of brucella infection?

Osteomyelitis

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What is the difference between brucella melitensis and abortus?

Brucella melitensis infections - more severe and prolonged

B. abortus infections - more self-limited

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What is the tx of brucella infection?

Tetracycline + Rifampin

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How can we diagnose Brucella infection?

Culture
Slide Agglutination (organism)
Biochemical tests (species)
Antibody titer

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How can we prevent brucella infection?

Pasteurization of milk
Immunization of animals
Slaughtering of infected animals

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Is there a vaccine for humans to prevent brucellosis?

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Francisella tularensis causes ___________

tularemia

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Francisella tularensis has ____ serotype(s) and _____ biotype(s)

1 serotype

2 biotype

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Francisella tularensis has two biotypes

Type A and type B. Which one is more virulent?

Type A

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Francisella tularensis are transmitted among these animals by vectors such as ticks, mites, and lice, especially the _________ ticks that feed on the blood of wild rabbits

Dermacentor

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The tick maintains the chain of transmission by passing the francisella t. to its offspring by the __________ route

transovarian

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Humans are _________ (definitive/accidental) “dead-end” hosts who acquire tularemia most often by being bitten by the vector or by having skin contact with the animal during removal of the hide

accidental

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What is the pathogenesis of francisella infection?

It enters through the skin, forming an ulcer

at the site in most cases. It then localizes to the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, and granulomas are formed.

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_________ (fibrinoid/caseation) necrosis and abscesses can also occur in tularemia.

Caseation

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Tularemia infection is caused by _______ (exotoxin/endotoxin)

endotoxin

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What are the clinical findings of tularemia?

Symptoms can vary from sudden onset of influenza like syndrome and prolonged onset of low grade fever w/ adenopathy

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Most common type of tularemia?

ulceroglandular type in which ulcers are formed w/ adenopathy

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What are the other forms of tulermia?

Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal
Typhoidal
Glandular
Oculoglandular

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Tularemia usually ________ (does not confers/confers) lifelong immunity

confers

Why can't we culture francisella tularensis?

High risk to laboratory workers of infection by inhalation | Special cysteine containing medium required for growth is not usually available

How do we diagnose tularemia?

Agglutination test with acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples Fluorescent-antibody staining of infected tissue

How can we treat tularemia?

Streptomycin

What is the prevention of tularemia?

1. Being bitten by ticks and 2. Handling wild animals 3. Live, attenuated bacterial vaccine that is given only to persons, such as fur trappers 4. BCG vaccine for tuberculosis

Yersinia pestis is the cause of plague, also known as the ___________

black death

Yersinia pestis resembles a __________

resembles a safety pin

loss of the capsule is accompanied by a ________ (loss/gain) of virulence

loss

Yersinia pestis is one of the most virulent bacteria known and has a strikingly ____ (low/high) ID50

low ID50

The enzootic (sylvatic) cycle of yersinia pestis consists of transmission among _________ by _________

wild rodents by fleas

In the United States, _______ are the main reservoir

prairie dogs

The _______ cycle which occurs in poor sanitation area, consists of transmission of the bacteria among urban rats (reservoir), with the rat flea as vector

urban

How does yersinia pestis spread?

Flea ingests the bacteria while taking a blood meal from a bacteremic rodent A thick biofilm forms in the upper GI tract that prevents any food from going down the GI tract of the flea This “blocked flea” then regurgitates the organisms into the bloodstream of the next animal or human it bites Basically like an injection or vomiting

What happens to the person if got infected by yersinia pestis

Regional lymphadenopathy (buboes) Abscess in many organs DIC Cutaneous hemorrhage

Explain the route of transmission of yersinia pestis.

``` Sylvatic cycle (wild rodents) Urban cycle (urban rats) Respiratory droplets causing pneumonic plague ```

What are the factors that contribute to the virulence of yersinia pestis?

1. Envelope capsular antigen F-1 2. Endotoxin 3. Exotoxin 4. V and W antigens 5. Yops

What is the function of? 1. envelope capsular antigen (F-1) 2. V and W antigens

F-1 protect against phagocytosis | V and W antigens allow bacteria to grow and survive intracellularly

What is yops?

Yersinia outer proteins (a group of virulence factors)

What is the function of yops?

These are injected into the human cell via type III secretion systems and inhibit phagocytosis and cytokine production by macrophages and neutrophils

Yops protein (YopJ) is a protease that cleaves two signal transduction pathway proteins required for the induction of _____________ synthesis

tumor necrosis factor

Yops are like immunosuppressants

JUST REMEMBER IT

What are the symptoms of bubonic plague?

Bubonic plague, which is the most frequent form, begins with pain and swelling of the lymph nodes draining the site of the flea bite and systemic symptoms such as high fever, myalgias, and prostration. The affected nodes enlarge and become exquisitely tender. These buboes are an early characteristic finding.

What is the function of yops?

These are injected into the human cell via type III secretion systems and inhibit phagocytosis and cytokine production by macrophages and neutrophils

Yops protein (YopJ) is a protease that cleaves two signal transduction pathway proteins required for the induction of __________ synthesis

tumor necrosis factor

What r the symptoms of bubonic plague?

``` Painful lymphadenopathy High fever Myalgias Prostration It can be fatal if not treated ```

What are the complications of yersinia pestis infection?

Septic shock and pneumonia are the | main life-threatening subsequent events

What r the different diagnostic procedure we can do to detect yersinia pestis?

Smear and culture of blood or pus from enlarged lymph nodes Fluorescent antibody staining Antibody titer

Which stain shows safety pin appearance of yersinia pestis

Giemsa or Wayson stain

What is the tx of bubonic plague?

streptomycin tetracycline levofloxacin

Incision and drainage of the buboes ________ (are/are not) usually necessary

are not

How can we prevent the spread of plague?

Control the spread of rats Avoiding flea bites and contact with dead wild rodents Quarantine for 72 hours Observe all contacts w/ fever Vaccine (formalin killed - half the immunity)

Pasteurella multocida causes wound infections associated with ______ and _________ bites

cat and dog

route of transmission of pasturella multocida is?

cat or dog biting

what is the predisposingfactor for pasturella multocida infection to occur

suturing the area where cat bit

what is the only factor of virulence of pasturella multocida?

capsule

What is the disease that is there?

cellulitis

__________ is the treatment of choice for pasturella multocida

Penicillin G

People who have been bitten by a cat should be given __________ to prevent P. multocida infection

ampicillin

_____________ is the cause of cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis

bartonella henslae

______________, especially from kittens, are the main mode of transmission of B. henselae to humans

Cat scratches or bites

Exposure to cat urine or feces _______ (does not/does) pose risk of transmission

does not

That infection of endothelial cells by Bartonella induces the synthesis of __________ factor that causes endothelial cells to proliferate

angiogenesis factor

Bartonella henslae causes Immunocompetent - ? Immunocomprimsed - ?

Immunocompetent - Cat screen disorder | Immunocomprimised - bacillary hemangioma

What are the s/s of bartonella

Disease is characterized by fever and tender, enlarged lymph nodes, typically on the same side as the scratch