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Pathology - Blood Module > Zoonotic Infections > Flashcards

Zoonotic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Brucella species cause brucellosis or ________ fever

A

undulant

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2
Q

Source of human infection for Brucella species are?

A

Pigs, cattles, goats and sheep

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3
Q

Brucella species enter the body either by ingestion of contaminated ______ (water/food/milk) products or through the skin by direct contact

A

milk

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4
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Brucella?

A

Some endotoxin is involved. Host response is granulomatous

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5
Q

___________(Cheese/Bitten by ticks) can be a potential source of infection from Brucella

A

Cheese

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6
Q

What are the clinical findings of brucella infection?

A

After an incubation period of 1 to 3 weeks, fever, chills, fatigue, malaise, anorexia,
and weight loss occur.
The onset can be acute or gradual.
Undulating(rising-and-falling) fever pattern
Enlarged lymph nodes, liver, and spleen Pancytopenia occurs

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7
Q

What is the complication of brucella infection?

A

Osteomyelitis

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8
Q

What is the difference between brucella melitensis and abortus?

A

Brucella melitensis infections - more severe and prolonged

B. abortus infections - more self-limited

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9
Q

What is the tx of brucella infection?

A

Tetracycline + Rifampin

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10
Q

How can we diagnose Brucella infection?

A

Culture
Slide Agglutination (organism)
Biochemical tests (species)
Antibody titer

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11
Q

How can we prevent brucella infection?

A

Pasteurization of milk
Immunization of animals
Slaughtering of infected animals

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12
Q

Is there a vaccine for humans to prevent brucellosis?

A

NO

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13
Q

Francisella tularensis causes ___________

A

tularemia

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14
Q

Francisella tularensis has ____ serotype(s) and _____ biotype(s)

A

1 serotype

2 biotype

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15
Q

Francisella tularensis has two biotypes

Type A and type B. Which one is more virulent?

A

Type A

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16
Q

Francisella tularensis are transmitted among these animals by vectors such as ticks, mites, and lice, especially the _________ ticks that feed on the blood of wild rabbits

A

Dermacentor

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17
Q

The tick maintains the chain of transmission by passing the francisella t. to its offspring by the __________ route

A

transovarian

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18
Q

Humans are _________ (definitive/accidental) “dead-end” hosts who acquire tularemia most often by being bitten by the vector or by having skin contact with the animal during removal of the hide

A

accidental

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of francisella infection?

A

It enters through the skin, forming an ulcer

at the site in most cases. It then localizes to the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, and granulomas are formed.

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20
Q

_________ (fibrinoid/caseation) necrosis and abscesses can also occur in tularemia.

A

Caseation

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21
Q

Tularemia infection is caused by _______ (exotoxin/endotoxin)

A

endotoxin

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22
Q

What are the clinical findings of tularemia?

A

Symptoms can vary from sudden onset of influenza like syndrome and prolonged onset of low grade fever w/ adenopathy

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23
Q

Most common type of tularemia?

A

ulceroglandular type in which ulcers are formed w/ adenopathy

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24
Q

What are the other forms of tulermia?

A 
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal
Typhoidal
Glandular
Oculoglandular
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25
Q

Tularemia usually ________ (does not confers/confers) lifelong immunity

A

confers

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26
Q

Why can’t we culture francisella tularensis?

A

High risk to laboratory workers of infection by inhalation

Special cysteine containing medium required for growth is not usually available

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27
Q

How do we diagnose tularemia?

A

Agglutination test with acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples Fluorescent-antibody staining of infected
tissue

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28
Q

How can we treat tularemia?

A

Streptomycin

29
Q

What is the prevention of tularemia?

A
  1. Being bitten by ticks and
  2. Handling wild animals
  3. Live, attenuated bacterial vaccine that is given only to persons, such as fur trappers
  4. BCG vaccine for tuberculosis
30
Q

Yersinia pestis is the cause of plague, also known as the ___________

A

black death

31
Q

Yersinia pestis resembles a __________

A

resembles a safety pin

32
Q

loss of the capsule is accompanied by a ________ (loss/gain) of virulence

A

loss

33
Q

Yersinia pestis is one of the most virulent bacteria known and has a strikingly ____ (low/high) ID50

A

low ID50

34
Q

The enzootic (sylvatic) cycle of yersinia pestis consists of transmission among _________ by _________

A

wild rodents by fleas

35
Q

In the United States, _______ are the main reservoir

A

prairie dogs

36
Q

The _______ cycle which occurs in poor sanitation area, consists of transmission of the bacteria among urban rats (reservoir), with the rat flea as vector

A

urban

37
Q

How does yersinia pestis spread?

A

Flea ingests the bacteria while taking a blood meal from a bacteremic rodent
A thick biofilm forms in the upper GI tract
that prevents any food from going down the GI tract of the flea
This “blocked flea” then regurgitates the organisms into the bloodstream of the next animal or human it bites
Basically like an injection or vomiting

38
Q

What happens to the person if got infected by yersinia pestis

A

Regional lymphadenopathy (buboes)
Abscess in many organs
DIC
Cutaneous hemorrhage

39
Q

Explain the route of transmission of yersinia pestis.

A 
Sylvatic cycle (wild rodents)
Urban cycle (urban rats)
Respiratory droplets causing pneumonic plague
40
Q

What are the factors that contribute to the virulence of yersinia pestis?

A
  1. Envelope capsular antigen F-1
  2. Endotoxin
  3. Exotoxin
  4. V and W antigens
  5. Yops
41
Q

What is the function of?

  1. envelope capsular antigen (F-1)
  2. V and W antigens
A

F-1 protect against phagocytosis

V and W antigens allow bacteria to grow and survive intracellularly

42
Q

What is yops?

A

Yersinia outer proteins (a group of virulence factors)

43
Q

What is the function of yops?

A

These are injected into the human cell via type III secretion systems and inhibit phagocytosis and cytokine production by macrophages and neutrophils

44
Q

Yops protein (YopJ) is a protease that cleaves two signal transduction pathway proteins required for the induction of _____________ synthesis

A

tumor necrosis factor

45
Q

Yops are like immunosuppressants

A

JUST REMEMBER IT

46
Q

What are the symptoms of bubonic plague?

A

Bubonic plague, which is the most frequent form, begins
with pain and swelling of the lymph nodes draining the site
of the flea bite and systemic symptoms such as high fever,
myalgias, and prostration. The affected nodes enlarge and
become exquisitely tender. These buboes are an early characteristic finding.

47
Q

What is the function of yops?

A

These are injected into the human cell via type III secretion systems and inhibit phagocytosis and cytokine production by macrophages and neutrophils

48
Q

Yops protein (YopJ) is a protease that cleaves two signal transduction pathway proteins required for the induction of __________ synthesis

A

tumor necrosis factor

49
Q

What r the symptoms of bubonic plague?

A 
Painful lymphadenopathy
High fever
Myalgias
Prostration
It can be fatal if not treated
50
Q

What are the complications of yersinia pestis infection?

A

Septic shock and pneumonia are the

main life-threatening subsequent events

51
Q

What r the different diagnostic procedure we can do to detect yersinia pestis?

A

Smear and culture of blood or pus from enlarged lymph nodes
Fluorescent antibody staining
Antibody titer

52
Q

Which stain shows safety pin appearance of yersinia pestis

A

Giemsa or Wayson stain

53
Q

What is the tx of bubonic plague?

A

streptomycin
tetracycline
levofloxacin

54
Q

Incision and drainage of the buboes ________ (are/are not) usually necessary

A

are not

55
Q

How can we prevent the spread of plague?

A

Control the spread of rats
Avoiding flea bites and contact with dead wild rodents
Quarantine for 72 hours
Observe all contacts w/ fever
Vaccine (formalin killed - half the immunity)

56
Q

Pasteurella multocida causes wound infections associated with ______ and _________ bites

A

cat and dog

57
Q

route of transmission of pasturella multocida is?

A

cat or dog biting

58
Q

what is the predisposingfactor for pasturella multocida infection to occur

A

suturing the area where cat bit

59
Q

what is the only factor of virulence of pasturella multocida?

A

capsule

60
Q

What is the disease that is there?

A

cellulitis

61
Q

__________ is the treatment of choice for pasturella multocida

A

Penicillin G

62
Q

People who have been bitten by a cat should be given __________ to prevent P. multocida infection

A

ampicillin

63
Q

_____________ is the cause of cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis

A

bartonella henslae

64
Q

______________, especially from kittens, are the main mode of transmission of B. henselae to humans

A

Cat scratches or bites

65
Q

Exposure to cat urine or feces _______ (does not/does) pose risk of transmission

A

does not

66
Q

That infection of endothelial cells by Bartonella induces the synthesis of __________ factor that causes endothelial cells to proliferate

A

angiogenesis factor

67
Q

Bartonella henslae causes
Immunocompetent - ?
Immunocomprimsed - ?

A

Immunocompetent - Cat screen disorder

Immunocomprimised - bacillary hemangioma

68
Q

What are the s/s of bartonella

A

Disease is characterized by fever and tender, enlarged lymph nodes, typically on the same side as the scratch

Pathology - Blood Module (20 decks)

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