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Pathology - Blood Module > Iron Deficiency Anemia > Flashcards

Iron Deficiency Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

In what age and sex groups, Iron deficiency anemia is more common?

A

Toddlers
Adolescent girls
Women of childbearing age

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2
Q

Normal daily diet contains ___-___ mg of iron, most in the form of heme iron and remainder being inorganic iron.

A

10-20mg

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3
Q

About ___% of the heme iron is absorbable

A

20%

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4
Q

__-__% of the inorganic iron is absorbed

A

1-2%

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5
Q

Total body iron content is normally ___gm in women and __gm in men

A

2.5gm in women

6gm in men

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6
Q

Total body iron can be divided into?

Also tell the percentage.

A 
Functional iron (80-85%)
Storage iron (15-20%)
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7
Q

80% of the functional iron is found in _____________

A

Hemoglobin

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8
Q

What are the major sites of iron storage?

A

Liver and mononuclear phagocytes

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9
Q

Healthy females have iron stores _________ (greater/lesser) than males

A

Lesser

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10
Q

Iron is transported in plasma by _________

A

Transferrin

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11
Q

In normal individuals, transferrin is about ____(1/2 or 1/3) saturated with iron

A

1/3

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12
Q

Serum iron levels are _______

A

120 ug/ dL in men

100 ug/ dL in women

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13
Q

Erythroid precursors possess high affinity receptors for ___________ that mediate iron import through receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Transferrin

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14
Q

________is a ubiquitous protein iron complex that is found at highest level in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and skeletal muscles.

A

Ferritin

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15
Q

In the liver, iron is stored in _________(parenchymal cells/macrophages)

A

Parenchymal cells

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16
Q

In spleen and bone marrow, iron is stored in __________?

A

Macrophages

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17
Q

Hepatocyte iron is derived from _________(breakdown of red cells/plasma transferrin)

A

Plasma transferrin

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18
Q

Storage iron in macrophages is derived from __________ (breakdown of red cells/plasma transferrin

A

Breakdown of red cells

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19
Q

Intercellular ferritin is found in ________(cytosol/nucleus)

A

Cytosol

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20
Q

Partially degraded protein shells of ferritin aggregate into _________

A

Hemosiderin

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21
Q

To stain hemosiderin, we used Prussian blue stain which has _____________

A

Potassium ferrocyanide

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22
Q

In iron deficiency, serum ferritin is below ____ug/ L

A

12ug/ L

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23
Q

In iron overload, serum ferritin reaches ______ug/ L

A

5000ug/ L

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24
Q

Iron is lost ___-____mg each day through the shedding of mucosal and skin epithelial cells.

A

1-2mg

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25
Luminal nonheme iron is in ____ (Fe+2/Fe+3) form and first has to be changed by ferrireductases into ____ (Fe+2/Fe+3) in order to be absorbed from proximal duodenum.
Fe+3 | Fe+2
26
Example of ferrireductases is _______ (DMT-1/STEAP3)
STEAP3
27
B cytochrome is an example of __________ (iron transporter/ferrireductase)
ferrireductase
28
Ferrous iron is transported in the enterocytes with the help of _______ (DMT1/Hepcidin)
DMT1 (Divalent metal transporter 1)
29
Less than ____% of the dietary nonheme iron is absorbed
5%
30
About ____% of the dietary iron that is derived from hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc is absorbed.
25%
31
All the iron absorbed from the GIT lumen is stored as ________ in the mucosal cells or transported in the blood.
mucosal ferritin
32
Iron is transported from mucosal cells to blood by _________ (ferroportin/hephaestin)
ferroportin
33
The iron in Fe+2 form is reduced to Fe+3 by hephaestin or ceruloplasmin (after being transported by ferroportin) which are iron _________ (oxidases/reductases)
oxidases
34
The ferric iron is then transported to red cell progenitors by ___________
transferrin
35
DMT1 is also found on __________ (red cell precursors/macrophages) that mediates the uptake of functional iron.
red cell precursors
36
Ferroportin is found on __________ (red cell precursors/macrophages)
macrophages
37
Hepcidin is synthesized and released by the liver in response to _________ (increased/decreased) intrahepatic iron levels
increased
38
How does hepcidin inhibit iron transfer from the enterocytes to plasma?
Hepcidin binds to ferroportin and causes it to be endocytosed and degraded
39
By inhibiting ferroportin, what are the two things hepcidin does?
Stops iron absorption from the intestine | Do not let macrophages release iron
40
In anemia of chronic inflammation, inflammatory mediators are released that ________ (increase/decrease) hepcidin levels
increase
41
Increased hepcidin production in anemia of chronic disease leads to __________ (iron deficiency/iron overload)
iron deficiency
42
Mutations in TMPRSS6 lead to ______ (high/low) levels of hepcidin
high
43
What is the normal function of TMPRSS6?
TMPRSS6 normally suppresses hepcidin production when iron stores are low.
44
People with mutations in TMPRSS6 _________ (respond/do not respond) to iron therapy
do not respond
45
Hepcidin activity is ______ (low/high) in primary and secondary hemochromatosis
low
46
Ineffective erythropoiesis, such as beta-thalassemia major and myelodysplastic syndrome, can lead to ___________ (iron deficiency anemia/secondary hemochromatosis)
secondary hemochromatosis
47
Ineffective hematopoiesis __________ (enhances/suppresses) hepcidin production
suppresses; even when iron stores are high
48
What are the four main causes of iron deficiency anemia?
1. Increased requirement 2. Chronic blood loss 3. Inadequate intake 4. Poor absorption
49
To maintain normal iron levels, ___ mg should be absorbed daily and only 10-15% ingested iron is absorbed.
1 mg
50
What dietary factors enhance the absorption of inorganic iron?
Ascorbic acid Citric acid Amino acids Sugars
51
What dietary factors inhibit the absorption of inorganic iron?
Tannates (found in tea) Carbonates Oxalates Phosphates
52
Human breast milk provides only about ____ mg/ L of iron.
0.3 mg/ L
53
Cow's milk has iron ______ (twice/half) as much as breast milk.
twice; but poor bioavailability
54
Who can be the target of iron deficiency anemia due to dietary lack?
Teens eating junk food Impoverished Old age (restricted diet due to poor dentition) Infants on milk
55
Name some conditions that impair the absorption of iron.
Gastrectomy Sprue Steatorrhea Chronic diarrhea
56
How does gastrectomy impair iron absorption?
Decreasing acidity of the proximal duodenum | Increasing the speed with which the gut contents pass through the duodenum
57
Economically deprived women having multiple closely spaced pregnancies are at risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. Why is that so?
The iron requirement is increased in pregnancy
58
Chronic blood loss may be due to ___________ (most common)
gastrointestinal bleeding
59
In iron deficiency anemia, we find _________ (high/low) total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
high
60
Serum iron levels and ferritin levels are _____ (low/high) in iron deficiency anemia
low
61
Transferrin saturation levels are ______ (high/low) in iron deficiency anemia
low
62
_________ (Pencil cells/Bite cells) are seen in iron deficiency anemia
Pencil cells (poikilocytosis)
63
What are the findings in the bone marrow in iron deficiency anemia?
Disappearance of stainable iron from macrophages in the bone marrow
64
What are the findings in peripheral blood smear in iron deficiency anemia?
Microcytic Hypochromic Enlarged zone of pallor Poikilocytosis (pencil cells)
65
What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia when depletion of iron containing enzymes in the cells of the body?
Koilonychia Alopecia Atrophic changes in the tongue and gastric mucosa Intestinal malabsorption
66
What are the affects on central nervous system in case of iron depletion?
Appearance of pica | Periodical movement of limbs during sleep
67
What is Plummer-Vinson syndrome?
Esophageal webs Microcytic hypochromic anemia Atrophic glossitis

Pathology - Blood Module (20 decks)

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