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Zoological medicine > Zoonosis and Emerging Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Zoonosis and Emerging Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

EID

A

emerging infectious disease

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2
Q

what are the 3 major groups of EIDs?

A
  1. EIDs associated with spill-over from domestic animals to wildlife populations
  2. EIDs related directly to human manipulation such as host or parasite translocations
  3. wildlife spill-over to humans/domestic animals EIDs with no overt human or domestic animal involvement
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3
Q

which are the most widespread bacterial zoonotic infections?

A

salmonellosis (Salmonella) as well as campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter)

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4
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

newly emerging strain of a common microscopic germ that lives on the skin and nasal passages of humans/animals

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5
Q

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCM)

A

host: house mouse (mus musculus)
hamsters and guinea pigs are not natural host but can transmit
transmission: urine/feces contact, bites, inhalation of urine/feces particles, ingestion of contaminated food

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6
Q

what needs to happen when LCMV is diagnosed in a research lab?

A

all animals exposed need to be tested and positive animals need to be euthanized

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7
Q

LCM human CS

A

flu-like symptoms
usually resolved but can develop meningitis

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8
Q

meningitis symptoms

A

stiff neck, fever, headache, malaise, muscular pain

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9
Q

LCM transmission in humans

A

pregnant women may transmit the virus to the fetus resulting in fetal death or severe abnormalities

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10
Q

ORF

A

contagious ecthyma or “sore mouth”
poxvirus
host: sheep, goats
transmission: contact with lesions

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11
Q

ORF CS

A

animals: lesions that can last up to 6 weeks
humans: long lasting sore, not fatal

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12
Q

how is ORF controlled?

A

vaccinate, wear gloves around sheep

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13
Q

ORF treatment

A

treat secondary infections

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14
Q

rabies and opossums

A

opossums have a low body temperature that makes the virus unable to survive

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15
Q

rabies animal CS

A

behavior changes, paralysis, death

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16
Q

rabies human CS

A

dysphagia, paralysis, death nearly 100% within 2-10 days

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17
Q

rabies infection stages

A
  1. prodrome: headache, nausea, vomiting, agitation, anxiety
  2. acute neurologic phase: encephalitis or paralysis
  3. coma/death
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18
Q

rabies treatment

A

none after symptom onset
when there is a possibility of rabies infection postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is administered

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19
Q

what does PEP consist of?

A

wound care, rabies immunoglobulin, 4 doses of vaccine (on day of exposure, day 3, day 7, and day 14)
rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin should not be administered at same site or with same syringe

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20
Q

Milwaukee rabies protocol

A

induction of coma, ketamine and antivirals given
not given vaccine or immunoglobulin, just trying to suppress brain activity while the body fights the virus
has a low success rate, high cost, and ethical debates

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21
Q

Hantavirus

A

HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome) in US
host: rodent (deer mouse in Midwest, cotton rat in Southeast)
transmission: aerosol of dried feces/urine/saliva

22
Q

HPS

A

flu-like symptoms with rapid progression into respiratory failure

23
Q

HFRS

A

hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Asia

24
Q

monkeypox

A

same genus as smallpox and cowpox: orthropox virus
natural host unknown but African rodent spp. suspected to play a role in transmission
cause of outbreak traced to Gambien pouched rats imported into US

25
Q

arboviral zoonosis

A

transmitted through arthropods: mosquitos most common but ticks can too
most were originally found in tropical regions but due to global warming, increased urbanization and population size, faster transportation, and rapid arthropod vector spread arboviruses are continuing to spread into new areas

26
Q

EEE, WEE, and WNV

A

normally a cycle between birds and mosquitos with humans and horses as dead end hosts
EEE virus: only a few cases in US but can be fatal or cause ongoing neurologic problems in survivors

27
Q

West Nile Virus (WNV)

A

most animals are subclinical carriers: horses show the most signs which include neurological signs like ataxia and paralysis
humans and horses are dead end hosts; chickens are sentinels; birds are amplification hosts

28
Q

West Nile Fever

A

most common form of WNV
flu-like symptoms which resolve but persistent fatigue

29
Q

neuroinvasive form of WNV

A

immunocompromised humans are more susceptible
encephalitis, meningitis, paralysis, death
survivors may have permanent neurologic signs

30
Q

Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika virus vector

A

aedes aegypti

31
Q

chikungunya

A

most feel better within a week but joint pain can persist for months

32
Q

dengue

A

acute or severe forms
severe form CS: fever, nausea/vomiting, joint pain, rash, headache; can cause a life threatening hemorrhagic fever within hours

33
Q

zika virus CS

A

fever, rash, joint pain, headache, red eyes

34
Q

zika virus

A

linked to microcephal: the severe brain damage affects all aspects of a child’s development both physical and mental

35
Q

Gillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)

A

caused by zika virus
uncommon sickness of the nervous system where a person’s own immune system damages nerve cells causing muscle weakness and paralysis

36
Q

avian flu: HPAI/LPAI

A

closely related to influenza virus A of humans, pigs, horses, and dogs
antigentic drift: point mutations
antigentic shift: genetic reassortment
pigs are receptors for swine flu, avian flu, and human flu

37
Q

bird flu outbreaks: H5N1

A

wild birds are subclinical carriers
HPAI viruses have been eliminated from domesticated poultry in US and Canada but viruses can be reintroduced from imported poultry, wild birds, or pet birds

38
Q

swine flu

A

H1N1

39
Q

Lassa virus

A

hemorrhagic virus
reservoir host: rodents
transmission: contact with food/household items contaminated with rodent urine/feces or aerosolization
BTT: aerosol

40
Q

Marburg

A

reservoir: Egyptian fruit bat
transmission: direct contact, insects
acute CS: flu-like leading to hemorrhagic fever (vomiting/diarrhea leading to DIC, thrombocytopenia, and hemorrhage)

41
Q

ebola

A

BTT: aerosol
continues to resurface but exact sources are unknown
transmission: intimate person-to-person contact
CS: initial cold-like symptoms that rapidly progress causing massive internal and external bleeding with accompanying dehydration

42
Q

Hendra

A

paramyxovirus
novel virus related to canine distemper
reservoir host: flying fox
amplification host: horse (acquire from bats roosting above water troughs)
case fatality rate: 40-75%

43
Q

Nipah virus infection in humans

A

caused by Hendra paramyxovirus
can be subclinical to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis

44
Q

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A

coronavirus
person-to-person contact through respiratory droplets, indirectly through fomites

45
Q

epidemic/pandemic requirements

A
  1. new disease must emerge in a species with little to no immunity
  2. virus must produce disease in that species
  3. sustainable transmission must occur in new species
46
Q

epidemic or enzootic

A

outbreak of disease in a contained area

47
Q

pandemic

A

disease spread

48
Q

MERS-COV

A

suspected amplification host: dromedary camels
suspected reservoir host: bats
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): viral respiratory disease caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

49
Q

SARS-COV-2

A

COVID-19
possibly originated in bats

50
Q

“wild flavor”

A

new trend of eating wild animals is causing virus jumping
wet markets encourage this by consisting of different meats in a big pile touching each other

51
Q

prevention of zoonotic disease

A

good hygiene, good animal husbandry, vector protection, respect for wildlife

52
Q

zooprophylaxis

A

dilution effect theory
increasing biodiversity dilutes disease transmission by diverting infection away from the reservoir host

Zoological medicine (13 decks)

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