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Zoological medicine > Zoonosis and Emerging Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Zoonosis and Emerging Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

EID

A

emerging infectious disease

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2
Q

what are the 3 major groups of EIDs?

A
  1. EIDs associated with spill-over from domestic animals to wildlife populations
  2. EIDs related directly to human manipulation such as host or parasite translocations
  3. wildlife spill-over to humans/domestic animals EIDs with no overt human or domestic animal involvement
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3
Q

which are the most widespread bacterial zoonotic infections?

A

salmonellosis (Salmonella) as well as campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter)

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4
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

newly emerging strain of a common microscopic germ that lives on the skin and nasal passages of humans/animals

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5
Q

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCM)

A

host: house mouse (mus musculus)
hamsters and guinea pigs are not natural host but can transmit
transmission: urine/feces contact, bites, inhalation of urine/feces particles, ingestion of contaminated food

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6
Q

what needs to happen when LCMV is diagnosed in a research lab?

A

all animals exposed need to be tested and positive animals need to be euthanized

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7
Q

LCM human CS

A

flu-like symptoms
usually resolved but can develop meningitis

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8
Q

meningitis symptoms

A

stiff neck, fever, headache, malaise, muscular pain

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9
Q

LCM transmission in humans

A

pregnant women may transmit the virus to the fetus resulting in fetal death or severe abnormalities

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10
Q

ORF

A

contagious ecthyma or “sore mouth”
poxvirus
host: sheep, goats
transmission: contact with lesions

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11
Q

ORF CS

A

animals: lesions that can last up to 6 weeks
humans: long lasting sore, not fatal

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12
Q

how is ORF controlled?

A

vaccinate, wear gloves around sheep

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13
Q

ORF treatment

A

treat secondary infections

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14
Q

rabies and opossums

A

opossums have a low body temperature that makes the virus unable to survive

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15
Q

rabies animal CS

A

behavior changes, paralysis, death

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16
Q

rabies human CS

A

dysphagia, paralysis, death nearly 100% within 2-10 days

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17
Q

rabies infection stages

A
  1. prodrome: headache, nausea, vomiting, agitation, anxiety
  2. acute neurologic phase: encephalitis or paralysis
  3. coma/death
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18
Q

rabies treatment

A

none after symptom onset
when there is a possibility of rabies infection postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is administered

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19
Q

what does PEP consist of?

A

wound care, rabies immunoglobulin, 4 doses of vaccine (on day of exposure, day 3, day 7, and day 14)
rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin should not be administered at same site or with same syringe

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20
Q

Milwaukee rabies protocol

A

induction of coma, ketamine and antivirals given
not given vaccine or immunoglobulin, just trying to suppress brain activity while the body fights the virus
has a low success rate, high cost, and ethical debates

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21
Q

Hantavirus

A

HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome) in US
host: rodent (deer mouse in Midwest, cotton rat in Southeast)
transmission: aerosol of dried feces/urine/saliva

22
Q

HPS

A

flu-like symptoms with rapid progression into respiratory failure

23
Q

HFRS

A

hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Asia

24
Q

monkeypox

A

same genus as smallpox and cowpox: orthropox virus
natural host unknown but African rodent spp. suspected to play a role in transmission
cause of outbreak traced to Gambien pouched rats imported into US

25
arboviral zoonosis
transmitted through arthropods: mosquitos most common but ticks can too most were originally found in tropical regions but due to global warming, increased urbanization and population size, faster transportation, and rapid arthropod vector spread arboviruses are continuing to spread into new areas
26
EEE, WEE, and WNV
normally a cycle between birds and mosquitos with humans and horses as dead end hosts EEE virus: only a few cases in US but can be fatal or cause ongoing neurologic problems in survivors
27
West Nile Virus (WNV)
most animals are subclinical carriers: horses show the most signs which include neurological signs like ataxia and paralysis humans and horses are dead end hosts; chickens are sentinels; birds are amplification hosts
28
West Nile Fever
most common form of WNV flu-like symptoms which resolve but persistent fatigue
29
neuroinvasive form of WNV
immunocompromised humans are more susceptible encephalitis, meningitis, paralysis, death survivors may have permanent neurologic signs
30
Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika virus vector
aedes aegypti
31
chikungunya
most feel better within a week but joint pain can persist for months
32
dengue
acute or severe forms severe form CS: fever, nausea/vomiting, joint pain, rash, headache; can cause a life threatening hemorrhagic fever within hours
33
zika virus CS
fever, rash, joint pain, headache, red eyes
34
zika virus
linked to microcephal: the severe brain damage affects all aspects of a child's development both physical and mental
35
Gillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
caused by zika virus uncommon sickness of the nervous system where a person's own immune system damages nerve cells causing muscle weakness and paralysis
36
avian flu: HPAI/LPAI
closely related to influenza virus A of humans, pigs, horses, and dogs antigentic drift: point mutations antigentic shift: genetic reassortment pigs are receptors for swine flu, avian flu, and human flu
37
bird flu outbreaks: H5N1
wild birds are subclinical carriers HPAI viruses have been eliminated from domesticated poultry in US and Canada but viruses can be reintroduced from imported poultry, wild birds, or pet birds
38
swine flu
H1N1
39
Lassa virus
hemorrhagic virus reservoir host: rodents transmission: contact with food/household items contaminated with rodent urine/feces or aerosolization BTT: aerosol
40
Marburg
reservoir: Egyptian fruit bat transmission: direct contact, insects acute CS: flu-like leading to hemorrhagic fever (vomiting/diarrhea leading to DIC, thrombocytopenia, and hemorrhage)
41
ebola
BTT: aerosol continues to resurface but exact sources are unknown transmission: intimate person-to-person contact CS: initial cold-like symptoms that rapidly progress causing massive internal and external bleeding with accompanying dehydration
42
Hendra
paramyxovirus novel virus related to canine distemper reservoir host: flying fox amplification host: horse (acquire from bats roosting above water troughs) case fatality rate: 40-75%
43
Nipah virus infection in humans
caused by Hendra paramyxovirus can be subclinical to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis
44
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
coronavirus person-to-person contact through respiratory droplets, indirectly through fomites
45
epidemic/pandemic requirements
1. new disease must emerge in a species with little to no immunity 2. virus must produce disease in that species 3. sustainable transmission must occur in new species
46
epidemic or enzootic
outbreak of disease in a contained area
47
pandemic
disease spread
48
MERS-COV
suspected amplification host: dromedary camels suspected reservoir host: bats Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): viral respiratory disease caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
49
SARS-COV-2
COVID-19 possibly originated in bats
50
"wild flavor"
new trend of eating wild animals is causing virus jumping wet markets encourage this by consisting of different meats in a big pile touching each other
51
prevention of zoonotic disease
good hygiene, good animal husbandry, vector protection, respect for wildlife
52
zooprophylaxis
dilution effect theory increasing biodiversity dilutes disease transmission by diverting infection away from the reservoir host

Zoological medicine (13 decks)

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