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Captive management Flashcards

1
Q

main focus of captive breeding then vs now

A

the main focus of captive breeding used to be reintroductions into the wild
now we recognize that conservation, research, and education are the only likely way to save wild species

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2
Q

how did the care of captive animals shift from before?

A

used to make it easy to maintain by using cement floors etc, now we use more naturalistic habitats

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3
Q

what did the shift of how we care for captive animals allow zoos to do?

A

this shift allowed zoos to demonstrate the complex interrelationships between plants, animals, their environment and try to accommodate the social, behavioral, and psychological needs of different animal species

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4
Q

AZA

A

Association of Zoos and Aquariums
independent accrediting organization for the best zoos and aquariums in America and the world assuring the public that when they visit an AZA-accredited facility it meets the highest standards for animal care and welfare
< 10% of the 2,800 wildlife exhibitors licensed by the US Department of Agriculture under the Animal Welfare Act meet the more comprehensive standards of AZA accreditation

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5
Q

AAZK

A

American Association of Zookeepers

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6
Q

AZVT

A

Association of Zoo Vet Techs

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7
Q

WCS

A

Wildlife Conservation Society
mission is to save wildlife and wild places across the globe
biggest conservation organization in the US
medicine used as an integrative part of conservation

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8
Q

what are the 4 biggest issues facing wildlife that the WCS are committed to address in order to protect biodiversity?

A

climate change, natural resource exploitation, connection between wildlife health and human health, and the sustainable development of human livelihoods

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9
Q

WDA

A

Wildlife Disease Association

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10
Q

AAWV

A

American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians

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11
Q

species survival plan (SSP)

A

manages specific and typically threatened or endangered species
each has a Studbook and a Breeding and Transfer Plan with recommendations to ensure sustainability of a healthy genetically diverse population

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12
Q

what do SSP programs do?

A

significantly contribute to field conservation efforts, species recovery, veterinary care for wildlife disease issues, etc
ex: determine conservation priorities, develop a breed and transfer plan in coordination with the population management center, develop non-breeding plans in coordination with reproductive management center

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13
Q

population management center (PMC)

A

Lincoln Park Zoo does genetic analyses

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14
Q

reproductive management center (RMC)

A

provides scientific-based information to AZA facilities on reproductive management to support animal population viability, sustainability, and well-being

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15
Q

pros of captive breeding

A

some species that are extinct in the wild thrive in zoos, successful reintroductions to the wild from captive breeding can be done, and public education

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16
Q

cons of captive breeding

A

focus is on a few charismatic endangered species, genetic diversity may have sunk too low to be regenerated, cost diverts resources from ecosystem/habitat conservation, gives a false sense that the battle against extinction is won

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17
Q

captive animal habitats

A

naturalistic habits with more space, vegetation, and intermixed species
animals seen to thrive in these environments: exhibit natural behaviors and fewer stereotypic behaviors

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18
Q

pros of naturalistic habitats

A

more attention being paid to megafauna
mental health improved along with medical conditions that older exhibits caused
much better experience for public as well as interest in conservation

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19
Q

megafauna

A

large animals > 1000lbs

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20
Q

mixed species exhibits

A

with naturalistic habitats we can educate the public not only about individual animals but the ecosystem and relationships
more animals together means more interactions so important to understand habitats and relationships in the wild

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21
Q

challenges of mixed species exhibits

A

inter and intra species aggression, possibility of environmental accidents

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22
Q

captive animal observations

A

can be a challenge
solution: training animals to come into holding areas at night and train certain behaviors such as opening mouth to check teeth

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23
Q

parasitism and hoofstock

A

combating parasites among hoofstock can be challenging due to large pasture size, large herd size, mixed species pastures, and active breeding programs
dewormers face the challenge of drug resistance so need to rotate dewormers
rotate treatment schedules if possible and rotate pasture

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24
Q

behavior training in the past

A

trick training was the norm

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25
behavior training now
we train to improve zoo medicine, also includes training normal behaviors for public education we want to improve emotional state of animals
26
which type of training do we use in the zoo world?
operant conditioning
27
positive reinforcement
something the subject wants that occurs in conjunction with an act that tends to increase the probability that the act will occur again
28
extinction in operant conditioning
method of eliminating a behavior by not reinforcing it any longer
29
bridge in operant conditioning
a sound or action that tells the animal that it just did something correct and reinforcement is on the way
30
cue in operant conditioning
a signal that will elicit a specific behavior or reflex as a result of learned association
31
target in operant conditioning
a prop (or part of the body) that pinpoints a critical location for an animal in training
32
station training
station training is similar to a target because the animal is trained to target to an actual area
33
shaping
shifting an act one small step at a time towards an ultimate goal
34
capturing a behavior
trainer waits for the animal to offer a behavior then reinforces the response
35
tools used for immobilization
squeeze chute or tamer tamer is used for a large number of preventions without full anesthesia training can be done to accept an injection or oral pre-anesthetic to make procedures less stressful
36
anesthesia "knock down"
only done when absolutely necessary modern immobilizing techniques are more humane methods for handling wild animals and has decreased side effects of drugs and mortality
37
can oral dosing using operant conditioning be done?
yes but usually not repeatable and can cause vomiting concerns
38
hand injection for anesthesia knock down
usually used for smaller mammals in nets, squeeze cages, or operant conditioning
39
pole syringe
form of remote drug delivery comes in different sizes, common for techs to do on their own
40
blow dart
form of remote drug delivery used for shorter distances and require more skill usually causes less stress/pain because of less force
41
darting systems
form of remote drug delivery various brand names range from heavy duty rifles that use .22-caliber system to lightweight pistols powered by air or CO2 dart types range from lightweight air-pressured systems to charge-powered injection systems
42
cap-chur
1st complete remote drug delivery system used mostly with escapes or animals with tough hides uses explosive charge in dart with CO2 pistol while others use air pressure to expel drug
43
which type of darting system do we have at school?
tel-inject with foot pump
44
what are the different parts of the dart?
rubber sleeve that covers the injection port in the needle, needle tip, drug in syringe, plunger, air pressure cavity, tail
45
what is the goal of using anesthetic drugs?
rapidly move the animal into stage III anesthesia depth underdosing can leave them in stage II where they're conscious and hyper-excited which increases susceptibility to hyperthermia, trauma, and capture myopathy
46
why is drug potency important?
we only want to have to use 1 dart
47
which types of anesthetic drugs are preferred?
ones that have antagonists for reversal
48
dissociative anesthetics
hallucinogens that cause a detached feeling or dissociation with environment by stopping signals from the brain causes a cataleptic stage which causes rigidity
49
Ketamine
most versatile dissociative anesthetic seizures can result when used alone antagonist: Yohimbine
50
Telazol
dissociative anesthetic combination of Tiletamine and Zolazepam 2.5x more potent than Ketamine wide safety margin no antagonist Doxapram can be used to counter some effects but isn't a true reversal
51
Xylazine
non-narcotic sedative has analgesic properties antagonist: Yohimbine
52
Dexmedetomidine
non-narcotic sedative 10-20x more potent than Xylazine antagonist: Atapamezole (Antisedan)
53
Butorphanol
non-narcotic sedative enhances xylazine and improves quality of immobilization
54
which drugs are non-narcotics typically used in conjunction with?
potent opioids
55
Diazepam
tranquilizer/sedative brand name: Valium
56
Midazolam
tranquilizer/sedative brand name: Versed
57
Zolazepam
tranquilizer/sedative newer benzodiazepine
58
Acepromazine
tranquilizer/sedative
59
BAM
tranquilizer/sedative combo of Butorphanol, Azaperone, and Medetomidine used for a wide variety of species smoother recovery Azaperone is a neuroleptic with sedative effects
60
neuroleptic
a drug that decreases nerve function
61
NMB
neuromuscular blocking/paralytic drugs ex: Succinylcholine (muscle relaxant), Gallamine used primarily in crocodillians antagonist: Neostigmine
62
Etorphine HCl (M-99)
opioid > 1,000x more potent than morphine used in elephants, rhinos, and zebras rapid induction good analgesic effect antagonist: Diprenorphine for animals, Naloxone for humans and animals
63
Carfentanil
most potent opioid (10,000x morphine potency) CNS depressant reversal: Naltrexone (animals) and Naloxone (humans) main immobilization drug used in Cervids related to Fentanyl wear safety gear when handling: gloves, goggles, face shield
64
what symptoms does Carfentanil exposure cause in humans?
respiratory depression/arrest, exhaustion, disorientation, pinpoint pupils
65
why is Naltrexone a longer acting antagonist?
to prevent renarcotizing
66
Carfentanil HCl
good analgesic but poor muscle relaxant underdosing can lead to prolonged induction can cause tachycardia/excitability so vet team needs to be quiet while working with animal long duration causes inhibition of thermoregulation
67
renarcotizing
occurs in long duration narcotic drugs up to 72 hours after CS: star gazing, head pressing
68
Thiafentanyl
2x as potent as etorphine but less potent than carfentanil effective in rhinos but not zebras rapid induction potent analgesic effect rapid recovery following reversal antagonist: Naltrexone can be used in combination with other drugs like etorphine
69
immobilization process
everyone has a plan 1. particularly when using carfentanil: approach animal quietly 2. position the animal 3. apply horn guards/blinds establish an escape route 4. can intubate or ETT is placed nasally pull out tongue to establish airway and monitor anesthetic depth, breathing shouldn't be noisy check mm and CRT, watch temp 5. reversal is given 1/2 IV and 1/2 IM
70
how should the animal be positioned once anesthetized?
if it is a ruminant the animal is put in sternal recumbency with the head lifted above the rumen and nose pointed down to prevent regurgitation always roll over abdomen
71
stress physiology
stress can lead to hyperthermia, circulatory deficiency, shock, and death disturbance of thermoregulation can cause hyper or hypothermia
72
what does hyperthermia cause?
vasodilation one of the 1st signs: increased CO2 levels, shallow breathing tx: Dantrolene (skeletal muscle relaxant)
73
what does hypothermia cause?
vasoconstriction slows or stops vital metabolic processes and leads to bradycardia unresponsive to anticholinergics
74
shock
life threatening condition causing failure of the CVS leading to hypoxia and death can occur due to stress physiology
75
activation of stress
1. CNS perceives threat 2. sympathetic nervous system releases catecholamines (epinephrine or adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine) which increases HR, BP, and RR; and causes blood to divert to heart and muscle
76
what does long term stress cause?
catecholamine deplete which leads to decreased BP, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, cardiac failure, and shock
77
rhabdomyolysis
capture myopathy life threatening syndromes caused by sympathetic exhaustion from sustained stress combined with muscular exertion related to duration and intensity of physical effort expended by the animal during immobilization
78
what does intense/sustained muscular exertion lead to?
an increase in lactic acid from anaerobic oxidation of muscle plus losing bases through salivation and sweating ---> metabolic acidosis and eventual heart failure because the heart muscle tissue is destroyed by lactic acid
79
what does destruction of the skeletal muscle lead to?
release of Ca, K, and myoglobin Ca and K sensitize the heart to epinephrine leading to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest myoglobin is nephrotoxic and leads to kidney failure
80
myoglobin
O2 transporting pigment of the muscle
81
what levels should be checked in the field to ensure that capture myopathy is not occurring?
AST, LDH, CPK
82
AST
aspertate aminotransferase enzyme in tissues and body fluids, damage will increase levels
83
LDH
lactic acid dehydrogenase
84
CPK
creatine phosphokinase indicates intense muscle contraction
85
how can we minimize stress pathology?
avoid underdosing opioids, keep physical manipulation to a minimum, decrease sensory stimulation, be aware that animals suffering from injury/illness will be stressed, provide stress free post-restraint environment for up to 6 months, avoid capture of pregnant or lactating females Haldol is effective for suppressing alarm response in hoofstock

Zoological medicine (13 decks)

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