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Zoological medicine > Small mammals > Flashcards

Small mammals Flashcards

1
Q

mammals

A

vertebrates with an endoskeleton, endothermic, have hair, and can produce milk

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2
Q

lagomorphs

A

rabbits

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3
Q

cottontail rabbits scientific name

A

sylvilagus

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4
Q

rabbit scientific name

A

oryctolagus cuniculus

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5
Q

what makes rabbits different from other small mammals?

A

they have 4 upper incisors: 2 hypsodont teeth and 2 peg teeth behind the 2 full teeth

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6
Q

how many different breeds of rabbits are there?

A

45 breeds

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7
Q

warren

A

a group of wild rabbits that live underground together
there can be up to 50 rabbits

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8
Q

what is the dental formula for rabbits?

A

I2/1, C0/0, PM3/0, M3/3

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9
Q

which types of rabbits have increased dental problems?

A

brachycephalics

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10
Q

what is the most common dental issue seen in rabbits?

A

malocclusion due to not keeping their hypsodont teeth short

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11
Q

rabbit temperament

A

very social and do well in pairs, prey animal

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12
Q

what are some things to consider with housing and husbandry of rabbits?

A

they are heat sensitive, territorial, can be litter trained, can be crepuscular or biphasic feeders

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13
Q

crepuscular feeder

A

eat at dawn and dusk

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14
Q

biphasic feeder

A

eat at midnight and dawn

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15
Q

what are rabbits diet like?

A

pelleted diet with free choice hay
Timothy hay preferred because Alfalfa is higher in calcium
treats: fresh greens, vegetables, fruit

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16
Q

doe

A

female rabbit

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17
Q

buck

A

male rabbit

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18
Q

kindling

A

nursing kits (rabbits)
only nurse 5 minutes a day

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19
Q

what type of ovulators are rabbits?

A

induced ovulators

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20
Q

how are rabbits born?

A

altricial

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21
Q

what type of stomach do rabbits have?

A

monogastric hindgut fermenter

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22
Q

what is something unique with rabbits’ digestive systems?

A

coprophagy of cecotrophs
proximal colon sorts fiber into digestible and indigestible
digestible fiber goes to cecum for processing and everything else is passed as feces
coprophagy: fermented fiber in cecum moves back to colon where it is covered with mucus and passed as cecotrophs
this process allows nutrients to be absorbed especially vitamin B complex

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23
Q

sacculus rotundus

A

dilated part of the terminal end of the ileum, it is formed at the distal end of the ileum which is expanded further to form a small spherical sac
rich in lymphoid tissue which provides immunity

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24
Q

what is the most critical issue in small mammals?

A

gastric stasis or ileus: when animal is anorexic and producing little to no fecal
very painful, potentially fatal
treatment: fluids to check for obstruction, pain meds
causes: malocclusion, hairball blockage, most commonly a lack of hay or fiber

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25
Q

what are some of the most common medical conditions for rabbits?

A

pastuerella multocida: snuffles
torticollis: wry neck
psoroptes cuniculi: bacterial condition affecting inner ear and/or neck nerves
pododermatitis: bumblefoot
digestive diseases: disruption of protective bacteria
Lawsonia and Tyzzers usually affect young rabbits

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26
Q

what is the anatomy in the rabbit that prevents vomiting?

A

cardiac sphincter

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27
Q

where can you collect a blood sample from on a rabbit?

A

auricular artery, marginal ear vein, jugular vein

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28
Q

which yeast can be commonly found in rabbit feces?

A

Cyniclomyces auttulatus

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29
Q

what is a common appearance of neutrophils in chinchillas?

A

hypersegmented neutrophils that resemble bands or metamylocytes
commonly counted as monocytes by automated analyzers

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30
Q

what is a common finding in urinalysis of herbivores?

A

large amounts of calcium carbonate crystals that cause a purulent appearance

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31
Q

rabbit restraint

A

never restrain by ears
scruff while supporting body
don’t let them kick their back legs out because they can fracture their back (usually L7)
midazolam works well for sedation if needed

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32
Q

how many toes do guinea pigs have?

A

4 front toes and 3 hind toes

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33
Q

boar

A

male guinea pig

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34
Q

sow

A

female guinea pig

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35
Q

farrowing

A

nursing guinea pig

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36
Q

chinchilla scientific name

A

chinchilla langier

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37
Q

guinea pig gestation

A

60-65 days

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38
Q

guinea pig dental formula

A

2 (I1/1, C0/0, PM1/1, M3/3)

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39
Q

which. vitamin can guinea pigs not synthesize?

A

vitamin C
they lack the liver enzyme to synthesize it
needs to be supplemented in diet to prevent scurvy

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40
Q

common guinea pig medical conditions

A

streptococcus: cervical lymphadenitis (“lumps”)
bordetella bronchiseptica
infected grease gland
dystocia if > 6 months old due to fused pubic symphysis
pregnancy toxemia from obesity and stress
anorexia/gut stasis from stress
prone to blockages
bumblefoot
malocclusion

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41
Q

what is the blood cell found in guinea pigs?

A

Kurloff body
inclusion in a lymphocyte associated with estrogenic stimulation
gives them a good immunological response, natural killer lymphocyte

42
Q

chinchilla lifespan

A

10-20 years

43
Q

chinchilla gestation

A

111 days

44
Q

how are guinea pigs and chinchillas born?

A

precocious

45
Q

chinchilla temperment

A

nocturnal, solitary

46
Q

what is an important part of husbandry for a chinchilla?

A

giving them a dust bath
rolling in dust helps them get dirt off

47
Q

can you scruff a chinchilla?

A

no because they will fur slip

48
Q

hamster scientific name

A

mesocry seetus

49
Q

hamster temperment

A

some can be friendly but usually not
dwarf hamsters are not friendly

50
Q

prairie dogs/groundhogs

A

North American burrowing rodents
illegal in most places to keep as pets

51
Q

hedgehog life span

A

10 years

52
Q

hedgehog temperment

A

nocturnal, solitary, don’t like bright lights

53
Q

hedgehog diet

A

insectivore/omnivore
cat food supplemented with mealworms, crickets, and small amounts of fruits and vegetables

54
Q

hedgehog handling

A

patience, will pop/jump with chucking noise when scared/angry, can be scruffed when not rolled into a ball

55
Q

sugar gliders

A

marsupial from N. Guinea/Australia

56
Q

sugar glider life span

A

10-12 years

57
Q

sugar glider temperment

A

nocturnal, arboreal (tree dwelling)
bark at night, sensitive to light
very social, can become nippy when not handled regularly

58
Q

sugar glider unique anatomy

A

patagium: gliding member
cloaca: common cavity for excretion and reproduction
hair comb: 2nd and 3rd digit of hind feet fused
opposable thumbs

59
Q

sugar glider scent glands

A

dominant males mark territory and group members with scent gland secretions which have musky odor
chest gland discolored (orange) and may go bald
mature male has bald spot on forehead

60
Q

sugar glider diet

A

opportunistic omnivores
eat a wide range of food

61
Q

sugar glider common medical condition

A

nutritional osteodystrophy
secondary hyperparathyroidism that results from an imbalance in dietary calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D
CS: hindlimb paralysis, muscle tremors, bone fractures, seizures

62
Q

skunk temperment

A

nocturnal mustelid
very intelligent, curious
can be troublemakers and aggressive

63
Q

skunk breeding

A

can be domestically bred but breeders need a USDA license
breeders should have scent glands removed at ~4 weeks to make scent tolerable

64
Q

what is the common respiratory disease guinea pigs can contract from rabbits?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica
rabbits harbor it naturally

65
Q

what disease can skunks carry?

A

Baylisascaris
zoonotic

66
Q

skunk diet

A

omnivores
difficult, lack of proper diet can lead to obesity and osteodystrophy

67
Q

pot bellied pig temperment

A

intelligent, playful, clean, manipulative

68
Q

pot bellied pig lifespan

A

15 years

69
Q

pot bellied pig average weight

A

90-150 lbs

70
Q

pot bellied pig diet

A

pelleted diet balanced with grazing
watch water intake

71
Q

what is an additional husbandry task in caring for pot bellied pigs?

A

hoof care

72
Q

ferret scientific name

A

mustela putoris furo

73
Q

hob

A

male ferret

74
Q

gib/hobble

A

neutered male ferret

75
Q

jill

A

female ferret

76
Q

sprite

A

spayed ferret

77
Q

kit

A

young ferret

78
Q

business

A

group of ferrets

79
Q

ferret lifespan

A

5-8 years
can live up to 12 years

80
Q

ferret temperment

A

sleep 75% of day
very inquisitive, like to steal (ferreting)

81
Q

ferret colors

A

fitch and sable: darker markings on face like a mask and body
albino: white

82
Q

ferret anatomy

A

no sweat glands- prone to hyperthermia in hot temperatures
short intestinal tract: GI transit time 3-4 hours
non-retractable claws

83
Q

ferret diet

A

obligate carnivore
need high quality protein, low fiber and fat

84
Q

ferret and dog/cat similarities

A

similar disease susceptibility
can give distemper vaccine- Purevax since they can commonly get anaphylactic vax reactions
they can also get rabies vaccine

85
Q

ferret preventatives

A

mange, fleas, ear mites, heartworm

86
Q

common parasites in ferrets

A

coccidia

87
Q

ferret restraint

A

will hang when scruffed and often yawn

88
Q

ferret blood draws

A

cephalic vein, lateral saphenous, or jugular, anterior vena cava under sedation
can use needle hub and HCT tubes if needed, 25/27G syringe

89
Q

common ferret medical conditions

A

hypoglycemia due to short GI tract, influenza, distemper, Aleutian disease (parvo), epizoonotic catarrheal enteritis (ECE), mast cell tumors, cardiomyopathy, Helicobacter mustelae, myofaciitis

90
Q

ferret neoplasia

A

lymphoma: usually fatal, 2 forms- 1 in very young ferrets and 1in older ferrets
insulinoma: increased insulin production causing depression, usually seen in ferrets > 3 years, CS: lethargy, posterior paresis, syncope, seizures, coma
sx with prednisone or other insulin blocker can give a 2 year life expectancy, frequent high protein diets with low sugar can help prevent CS, rub sugary substance on gums in case of a hypoglycemic event

91
Q

ferret adrenal tumors

A

genetic predisposition maybe caused from inbreeding or spay/neuter disturbing adrenal glands
usually on left adrenal gland
sx good tx
on right gland, it is very close to vena cava
CS: alopecia, muscle wasting
develops from a lack of melatonin which prevents overproduction of LH and FSH
Lupron Depot shots often given with melatonin, 1 month and 4 month types
Deslorelin implants: work same as depot shots by desensitizing GRH receptors which impairs production and release of LH and FSH, can last a year

92
Q

guinea pig scientific name

A

cavia procellus

93
Q

sugar glider scientific name

A

petaurus breviceps

94
Q

ferret influenza

A

zoonotic
commonly human to ferret

95
Q

ferret distemper

A

similar CS as dogs: mucopurulent discharge, crusty facial lesions, hardened footpads
100% fatal

96
Q

ferret aleutian disease

A

parvo
seen in wild ferrets

97
Q

ferret ECE

A

epizoonotic catarrheal enteritis
often occurs from a stressor
CS: profuse mucoid greenish diarrhea
treat for dehydration

98
Q

ferret mast cell tumors

A

reddish round lesions
don’t usually metastasize

99
Q

ferret cardiomyopathy

A

similar to dogs/cats
manageable

100
Q

Helicobacter mustelae

A

seen in ferrets
organism similar to H. pylori in humans and NHP
stress induced CS
tx: antibiotics

101
Q

ferret myofaciitis

A

emerging disease
CS: muscle inflammation, fever, vomiting
young ferrets
progressive but usually fatal

Zoological medicine (13 decks)

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