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Zoological medicine > Zoonosis > Flashcards

Zoonosis Flashcards

1
Q

one health

A

worldwide initiative that recognizes that human health is connected to animal health and our shared environment

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2
Q

when was one health first used?

A

in 2003-2004 associated with SARS (severe acute respiratory disease) emergence and then subsequently by the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1

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3
Q

who was the 1st president for one health?

A

Dr. Mahr from ISVMA

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4
Q

zoonosis

A

diseases passed between animals and humans
at least 61% of human pathogens are zoonotic

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5
Q

reverse zoonosis

A

pathogen that humans can pass to animals

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6
Q

endemic

A

usual level of disease in a geographic area

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7
Q

epizootic

A

disease cases in animals in excess of normal
animal version of an epidemic

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8
Q

epidemiology

A

study of disease

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9
Q

reservoir host

A

living organism that harbors a pathogen

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10
Q

amplification host

A

host that develops high concentration of pathogen

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11
Q

sentinel

A

organism that reacts to contaminant/pathogen before impact to people

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12
Q

seroprevalence

A

number of seropositive individuals in a population

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13
Q

herd immunity

A

increasing proportion of resistant individuals which decreases susceptible population

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14
Q

what are sentinels used for?

A

they are good epidemic indicators and bioterrorist event indicators

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15
Q

seropositive

A

presence of an organism or antibodies
allows us to predict epidemics

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16
Q

sylvatic transmission

A

animals living in their native habitat get sick and it spills over to us

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17
Q

domestic transmission

A

animals residing in our homes/work get sick and then we contract it from them

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18
Q

peri-domestic transmission

A

overlap of species disease transmission

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19
Q

spill-over

A

when disease amplifies in its natural cycle to a level to where it spills over into humans

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20
Q

direct contact disease transmission

A

bite, scratch, contact with infected tissues
ex: rabies, Q-fever, ringworm, herpes B

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21
Q

indirect contact disease transmission

A

food/water borne or touching infected object (fomite)
ex: Salmonella, E. coli, Giardia

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22
Q

aerosolization disease transmission

A

inhalation, contact with respiratory droplets
ex: brucellosis, psittacosis

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23
Q

vector-borne disease transmission

A

mosquitoes, ticks, fleas
ex: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, West Nile Virus

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24
Q

what 4 things do we look for when tracking a possible bioterrorism threat?

A
  1. clustering of illness of humans or animals
  2. unusual age distribution
  3. illness outside usual season
  4. disease unusual for geographic area
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25
Q

case fatality rate (CFR)

A

proportion of infected animals that die from a disease

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26
Q

CDC rating pathogen system

A

CDC rates agents by how easily they are disseminated, mortality rate, and public panic they cause

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27
Q

CDC category A pathogens

A

easily transmitted person to person, high mortality, potential for public panic and social disruption

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28
Q

why would livestock be targeted for bioterrorism?

A

it would be disastrous for our food supply

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29
Q

class A bioterrorism

A

extremely infective to animals and humans, easy to procure from animal reservoir, can easily be grown in large quantities
aerosolized dispersal can lead to extended infections of potentially fatal pneumonia and food/water contamination

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30
Q

prions

A

causes bovine spongiform encephalitis, chronic wasting disease, scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

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31
Q

dermatophytosis

A

“ringworm”
fungal infection starts as red, itchy, scaly circle
40 types of fungi can cause ringworm: trichophyton, microsporum spp.
tx: antifungals for 2-3 weeks

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32
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

cat eats infected prey
protozoal parasite
T. gondii burrows into walls of the cat’s small intestine forming early stage cells called oocysts that the cat eliminates in feces usually for a period of 2-3 weeks
can cause abortions in pregnant women as well as birth defects and AIDS in immunocompromised people

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33
Q

how are protozoans transmitted?

A

accidental ingestion (usually water)

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34
Q

Giardia hosts

A

dog, cat, cattle, pig, primates

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35
Q

Cryptosporidia hosts

A

large animals, wildlife
reptile strain not shown to be zoonotic
shows acid fast positive

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36
Q

Balantidium hosts

A

pigs, primates

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37
Q

Sarcocystis hosts

A

cattle, pigs

38
Q

Chagas

A

American trypansomiasis
seen in tropics, causes sleeping sickness
flagellate protozoan that transmits through vector or contaminated food
vector: kissing bug; bite then defecate near bite
commonly seen in poverty, vet occupation, hunters

39
Q

Chagas CS

A

acute phase: flu-like symptoms with chagoma and/or romanas
indeterminant phase: asymptomatic for 5-40 years, parasite disappears from blood
chronic phase: organ failure, fatal if untreated, causes abortions in pregnant women

40
Q

Scabies

A

sarcoptes scabiei
transmisison: direct contact
self limiting in humans
CS: rash, itching
control by treating animal source
serious outbreak in animals when they are immunocompromised

41
Q

larva migrans

A

transmission: fecal-oral
toxocara, Ancylostoma, Strongyloides, Baylisascaris

42
Q

Toxocara

A

common dog roundworm

43
Q

Ancylostoma

A

dog hookworm that causes cutaneous larval migrans

44
Q

Strongyloides

A

moves more quickly through the skin

45
Q

Baylisascaris

A

poor prognosis especially if it enters the brain, eye, lung
humans CS: cough, wheezing, abd pain, strabismus, blindness

46
Q

Hydatidosis

A

Echinococcus: tapeworm
proglottids are identical to Taenia
hosts: dogs, wolves, herbivores
transmission: fecal-oral
can take up to 20 years for symptoms to occur
cysts mostly found in liver, lungs, or brain

47
Q

Trichinosis

A

round worm
host: pigs
transmisison: ingestion
common from eating wild game, especially where beef is mixed with a little pork

48
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

“Bilharzia”, snail disease
seen in tropics, not US
host: snail
transmission: contact with fluke
in US we have “swimmer itch” related fluke

49
Q

Leptospirosis

A

spirochete
transmission: direct (shed in urine), indirect (environmental)
can’t live in dry environment, requires high humidity
control by vaccinating, antibiotics, good hygiene, don’t drink stream water

50
Q

Leptospirosis animal CS

A

icterus, bloody diarrhea, renal failure

51
Q

Leptospirosis human CS

A

mild form: non-specific CS
severe form: multi-organ failure/meningitis

52
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

humans susceptible to all 3 strains
cell-mediated hypersensitivity

53
Q

Mycobacterium bovis TB strain

A

rare transmission in US
hosts: cattle, deer

54
Q

M. tuberculosis strain

A

reverse zoonosis
hosts: humans, birds, elephants, mammals
prolonged contact with actively infected individual

55
Q

M. avian TB strain

A

causative agent of Johne’s disease
host: birds
seen in patients with Crohn’s disease

56
Q

Q-fever

A

Coxiella Burnetti
can live in environment for 6 months
sheep and goats are the most common reservoir
transmission: aerosol

57
Q

Q-fever animal CS

A

subclinical or spontaneous abortions

58
Q

Q-fever human CS

A

50% subclinical, 50% flu-like symptoms
hepatitis, encephalitis
chronic form: endocarditis (infection of heart valves) which leads to night sweats, fatigue, shortness of breath, weight loss, limb swelling

59
Q

Q-fever tx

A

long-term antibiotics

60
Q

Q-fever prevention

A

hygiene, pasteurization, vaccines

61
Q

cat scratch fever

A

Bartonella henselae
host: felids
cats become infected through flea bites, fights with infected cats, or blood transfusions
most cats are subclincal
transmission to humans: cat bites/scratches

62
Q

cat scratch fever human CS

A

lymphadenitis, abscess at lesion, fever, malaise, splenomegaly

63
Q

cat scratch fever tx

A

supportive care
difficult to eliminate with antibiotics
most human cases are self limiting

64
Q

psittacosis

A

Chlamydia psittaci
associated with pet birds
called ornithosis when not from a psittacine
transmission: fecal dust, direct contact (bites, beak-to-mouth contact)

65
Q

psittacosis CS

A

flu-like symptoms that initially mimic typhoid fever, prostrating high fevers, joint pains, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, nose bleeds, low WBC levels
rose spots called Horder’s spots may develop and can turn into pneumonia

66
Q

bird fanciers lung

A

immune mediated
hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalation of bird dropping extracts and antigens in feathers
high mortality

67
Q

Lyme disease

A

Borrelia Burgdorferi
midwestern/eastern US: Ixodes scapularis or deer tick are main vectors
primary reservoir host: white footed mouse
ticks in nymph stage cause the most cases due to their small size and painless bite

68
Q

tick life stages

A

egg —> larva —> nymph —> adult
each stage after hatching they suck blood then drop off and enter dormant period, then molt to enter the next stage

68
Q

how do you remove a tick?

A

gasp tick as close to skin as possible and pull straight out
save for ID

69
Q

Lyme disease animal CS

A

lameness, lymphadenitis

70
Q

Lyme disease erythema migrans

A

appears at the site of the tick bite ~ 7-10 days afterwards
CS: red papule that expands into a large lesion, fever, myalgia, arthralgia, malaise, headache, stiff neck, lymphadenopathy
can cause development of dyspnea, uveitis, and memory loss

71
Q

Lyme disease erythema migrans secondary smaller migrans CS

A

secondary smaller lesions form 3-5 weeks after bite along with facial nerve palsy, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, uveitis, meningitis

72
Q

Lyme disease late stage CS

A

autoimmunity, arthritis, meningitis, encephalitis

73
Q

Brucellosis

A

undulant/malta fever or Bang’s disease
caused by Brucella spp. (B. abortus in cattle, B. canis in dogs)
transmission: direct contact, ingestion, inhalation
very resistant to environmental changes

74
Q

Brucellosis animal CS

A

abortions, orchitis (inflammation of testes), lymphadenitis

75
Q

Brucellosis human CS

A

undulating fever, muscle and joint pain, lymphadenitis, meningitis/carditis
fatal if untreated

76
Q

anthrax

A

“wool sorters disease”, Bacillus anthracus
spore formers that are released from dead/dying host
over 1,200 strains
very resistant
wool sorters have contact with spores in sheep’s wool and can get cutaneous form

77
Q

what are the 3 different forms of anthrax?

A
  1. cutaneous: spores found on animal products or in soil
  2. ingestion: contaminated meat
  3. inhalation: spores on animal products or terrorism
78
Q

anthrax inhalation phases

A

1st phase: flu-like symptoms
2nd phase: dyspnea, bloody vomit/diarrhea, sepsis, death within 24-36 hours

79
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A

Rickettsia rickettsi
tick vector: American dog tick in this area (Dermacentor), Brown dog tick in South (Rhipicephalus)
takes a while to transmit: minimum 4 hours
found in small animals and wildlife

80
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever dog CS

A

flu-like symptoms
severe form: neurologic signs, bleeding, heart damage

81
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever human CS

A

flu-like symptoms followed by rash and neurologic, pulmonary, and circulatory damage

82
Q

Tularemia

A

rabbit fever
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterium that causes it
can survive 3-4 months in mud, water, or dead animals and is infective for > 3 years in frozen rabbit meat
US reservoir hosts: cottontail rabbits, ticks, deer flies
transmission: aerosol, insect bite, direct contact, ingestion

83
Q

Tularemia BTT and prevention

A

BTT: food, water, aerosol
prevention: avoid mowing over dead animals, wear gloves when handling sick animals, insect repellent

84
Q

Tularemia animal CS

A

swollen lymph nodes, ulcers, diarrhea, weakness, dyspnea

85
Q

Tularemia in humans

A

ulceroglandular is most common form: skin ulcer appears at site of transmission
glandular form: lacks ulcer
transmission: vector bite, contact with infected animal
all cases start with flu-like symptoms but can progress to pneumonic if untreated

86
Q

Tularemia: oculoglandar and oropharyngeal forms

A

oculoglandular transmission: eye (ex: butchering an animal and rubbing eye); CS: irritation and inflammation of eye, swelling of lymph glands in front of ear
oropharyngeal transmisison: contaminated food; CS: sore throat, mouth ulcers, tonsillitis, swelling of lymph glands in neck

87
Q

Tularemia: pneumonic and typhoidal forms

A

pneumonic transmission: aerosol or secondary to untreated forms, most serious form; CS: cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, lung infiltrates
typhoidal: non-specific combination of other forms; CS: fever, myalgia, malaise

88
Q

plague

A

Yersinia pestis
natural cycle in wildlife but spill-over occurs when there is epizootic
hosts: rodents, rabbits, cats (cats particularly susceptible)
dogs are incidental hosts and don’t usually become ill but can bring home fleas
vector: fleas

89
Q

plague CS

A

Bubonic plague: buboes (swollen lymph nodes), flu-like symptoms, toxemia
septicemic from flea bite: purpura, epistaxis, hematuria, DIC, tissue necrosis
pneumonic: person to person transmission, least common form

90
Q

plague tx

A

must begin within 24 hours of symptom onset for survival to be likely

Zoological medicine (13 decks)

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